Miss Ina Tyler of the St. Louis School of Social Economy in a study of St. Louis newsboys made in 1910, found that of 50 newsboys under 11 years of age, 43 gambled, 42 went to cheap shows and 23 used tobacco; while of 100 newsboys 11 to 16 years of age, 86 gambled, 92 went to cheap shows and 76 used tobacco.[103] Among the conclusions of the British interdepartmental committee of 1901 is the following: "Street hawking is not injurious to the health if the hours are not long, and the work is not done late at night; but its moral effects are far worse than the physical, and this employment in the center of many large towns makes the streets hotbeds for the corruption of children who learn to drink, to gamble and to use vile language, while girls are exposed to even worse things."[104] The British departmental committee of 1910 declared: "In the case of both boys and girls the effect of this occupation on future prospects cannot be anything but thoroughly bad, except, possibly, in casual and exceptional cases. We learn that many boys who sell while at school manage to obtain other work upon becoming fourteen, but for those who remain in the street the tendency is to develop into loafers and 'corner boys.' The period between fourteen and sixteen is a critical time in a boy's life. Street trading provides him with no training; he gets no discipline, he is not occupied the whole of his time; for a few years he makes more money and makes it more easily than in an office or a workshop, and he is exposed to a variety of actively evil influences."[105] An important division of the study of street-working children concerns their standing in the schools. In New York City a few figures are available through a study recently made there. The distribution of 200 newsboys under fourteen years of age among the school grades is shown in the following table:[106]-- ======================================================== | GRADES | | AGES +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ SPECIAL |TOTALS | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | | ------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---------+------- 7 | 2 | | | | | | | | | 2 8 | | 3 | 2 | | | | | | | 5 9 | | 1 | 6 | 1 | | | | | | 8 10 | | | 6 | 3 | 3 | | | | | 12 11 | | 5 | 7 |10 | 7 | 4 | 1 | | 2 | 36 12 | | 1 | 1 |19 |21 | 9 | 7 | 1 | 3 | 62 13 | | | |15 |10 |23 |17 | 7 | 3 | 75 +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---------+------- Totals| 2 |10 |22 |48 |41 |36 |25 | 8 | 8 | 200 ========================================================