research and learning, but composed wholly in the interests of dogmatics.--Little was done in the department of church history. Calixt awakened a new enthusiasm for historical studies, and =Gottfried Arnold= (§ 159, 2), pietist, chiliast, and theosophist, bitterly opposed to every form of orthodoxy, and finding true Christianity only in sects, separatists, and heretics, set the whole theological world astir by his “_Unparteiische Kirchen- und Ketzer-historie_,” in A.D. 1699 (§ 5, 3). § 159.5. The orthodox school applied itself most diligently to dogmatics in a strictly scholastic form. =Hutter= of Wittenberg, who died in A.D. 1616, wrote “_Loci communes theologici_” and “_Compendium Loc. Theol._” =John Gerhard= of Jena, who died in A.D. 1637, published in A.D. 1610 his “_Loc. Theologici_” in nine folio vols., the standard of Lutheran orthodoxy. =J. Andr. Quenstedt= of Wittenberg, who died A.D. 1688, exhibited the best and worst of Lutheran scholasticism in his “_Theol. didactico-polemica_.” The most important dogmatist of the Calixtine school was Conrad Horneius. Calixt himself is known as a dogmatist only by his lectures; but to him we owe the generally adopted distinction between morals and dogmatics as set forth in his “_Epitome theol. Moralis_.”--Polemics were carried on vigorously. =Hoë von Hoënegg= of Dresden (§ 154, 3, 4) and =Hutter= of Wittenberg were bitter opponents of Calvinism and Romanism. Hutter was styled by his friends _Malleus Calvinistorum_ and _Redonatus Lutherus_. The ablest and most dignified polemic against Romanism was that of =John Gerhard= in his “_Confessio Catholica_.” =Nich. Hunnius=, son of Ægid. Hunnius, and Hutter’s successor at Wittenberg, from A.D. 1623 superintendent at Lübeck, distinguished himself as an able controversialist against the papacy by his “_Demonstratio Ministerii Lutherani Divini atque Legitimi_.” Against the Socinians he wrote his “_Examen Errorum Photinianorum_,” and against the fanatics a “Chr. Examination of the new Paracelsist and Weigelian Theology.” His principal work is his “_Διάσκεψις de Fundamentali Dissensu Doctrinæ Luth. et Calvin_.” His “_Epitome Credendorum_” went through nineteen editions. The most incessant controversialist was =Abr. Calov=, who wrote against Syncretists, Papists, Socinians, Arminians, etc.--Continuation, § 167, 4. § 160. THE RELIGIOUS LIFE.