With this accurate knowledge always present in his mind and repeatedly finding expression by him in the ensuing two years, it is natural that we find in his remarkable letter of 1787, after his summary of what Articles the new Constitution ought to contain and nearly every one of which it does contain, the following significant statement: “To give the new system its proper energy, it will be desirable to have it ratified by the authority of the people, and not merely by that of the legislatures.” From such a logical American, it is expected that we should find accurate echo again and again of this deference to basic American law in such later expressions as his statement in _The Federalist_, Number 37, “The genius of republican liberty seems to demand ... that all power should be derived from the people.” Having thus grown well aware of the tremendous part played by Madison in shaping the substance of the Constitution of government under which we Americans live, let us return to the Philadelphia Convention in which he figured so prominently and which worded and proposed the Articles of that Constitution. In the seven Articles, which were finally worded by that Convention, there are but three which concern themselves at all with the vesting of national power in government. They are the First, the Fifth and the Seventh. The First Article purports to give, in relation to enumerated matters, _all_ the _national_ power which the Constitution purports anywhere to grant to its only donee of power to make laws interfering with human freedom, the national Legislature or Congress. Indeed, the opening words of that First Article explicitly state that, “All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.” Then the remaining sections of that Article go on to enumerate all the powers of that kind, the _national_ powers, which are granted in the Constitution by the donors, the American people or citizens, assembled in their conventions. If there be any doubt in the mind of any American that the First Article contains the enumeration of _all national_ powers granted by the Constitution, the statements of the Supreme Court, voiced by Marshall, ought to dispel that doubt. This instrument contains an enumeration of powers expressly granted by the people to their government.... In the _last_ of the enumerated powers, that which grants, expressly, the means for carrying all others into execution, Congress is authorized “to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper” for the purpose. (Gibbons v. Ogden, 9 _Wheat._ 1.) This “_last_” of the enumerated powers, as Marshall accurately terms it, is that granted in the last paragraph of Section 8 of the First Article.