It is _because_ the First Article IS the constitution of government of the American citizen that his government has received its tribute as a government of enumerated powers. This fact is clearly explained in the Supreme Court in Kansas v. Colorado, 206 U. S. 46. Indeed, we need no Marshall to make us fully understand that when human beings constitute a government, the one important thing which they do is to grant government power to interfere, within a limited discretion, with their own individual freedom by issuing commands in restraint of the exercise of that freedom. Anything else that the government is authorized to do is a mere incident of its existence as a government. The power to issue commands interfering with human freedom is the substance and essence of government. That is why all the _national_ powers of any American government are included in whatever ability its legislature has to make valid commands _of that kind_. The letter which went from the Philadelphia Convention, with the proposed Constitution, accurately expresses this fact in the words, “Individuals entering into society must give up a share of liberty to preserve the rest.” (1 _Ell. Deb._ 17.) By surrender of some of their liberties is meant their grant of power to make commands or laws interfering with those surrendered liberties. Whenever government is constituted, “the people must cede to it some of their natural rights, in order to vest it with requisite powers.” (Jay, _Fed._ No. 2.) We thus know for a certainty that the First Article of our Constitution is the only one which purports to vest in government any _national_ powers. The Second Article deals entirely with the executive department, the authority of the president and that department to enforce valid laws, the election of the president and vice-president, etc. The Third Article deals with the authority of the judicial department [including authority to declare what laws have been validly passed, etc.] and with the manner of the appointment of the members of that department, etc. The Fourth Article contains miscellaneous declaratory statements of certain things which the citizens of America make the fundamental law of America. The Sixth Article contains other declaratory statements of what is also made the fundamental law of America.