DURING an extended experience of cloud photography, it was found that
it was quite possible to get pictures which showed the cloud detail
even when the sun was in the field of view. Sometimes the solar image
was reversed, but if the exposure was very short this was not the
case. In such photographs the structure of the cloud was exceedingly
clear and sharply defined quite close to the sun. Indeed, the intense
illumination seemed to reveal minute details of internal arrangement
which could not be detected in similar clouds some distance away.
The methods which had been employed for the measurement of cloud
altitudes elsewhere have already been briefly referred to. Some of
them required two observers, who were equally responsible, each of
them having to direct his apparatus or camera to the same point of the
cloud, and to record the exact direction in which the instrument was
pointed. The instruments, if accurate, were costly, and there were many
opportunities for error in reading the graduated circles which gave the
directions. Moreover, in most of these methods the two observers were
connected by telephone, and had to agree on the exact point towards
which their instruments should be directed; either the exact point
of the cloud, or the precise direction as shown by the mounting of
the camera or other instrument. At Kew some of these sources of error
were avoided by fixing the two cameras with the axes of the lenses
and centres of the plates in a vertical position and exposing the two
plates simultaneously. The Kew observations were not long continued,
and for some years the only measurements in progress were those carried
out abroad, particularly at the Blue Hill Observatory and at Upsala.
The experience gained in photographing clouds in order to record their
forms suggested a way in which many of the sources of error in previous
measurements of altitude could be avoided, especially by simplifying
and reducing the operations at the moment of making the observation.
If two cameras are placed at the opposite ends of a measured base line,
whose direction is known, and if they are both pointed towards the sun,
on making the exposures by electrical means at the same moment, the
position of the image of the sun upon the plate gives the direction in
which the cameras are pointed. It will be in the same direction as seen
from both ends of the line.
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