Hjortdahl,[7] in the year 1865, supported the views of Delafosse more or
less, at any rate so far as to assume the possibility of the existence
of partial isomorphism, that is, of isogonism. He was very definite,
however, against accepting the proposition that any general law could be
applied. He himself discovered a partial similarity of angles in several
homologous series of organic compounds.
About this time Sella[8] uttered a warning which is one worthy of being
prominently posted in every research laboratory, namely, that _It is
unwise to make hasty generalisations from the results of a small number
of observations_. Were this principle more generally followed, much
greater progress would in the end be achieved, and without the
discouragement and discredit which inevitably follows the detection of
errors due to lack of broad experimental foundation. It is certainly an
incontrovertible fact that only such generalisations as find themselves
in accordance with all new but well-verified experimental facts as they
are revealed can stand the test of time and become accepted universally
as true laws of nature. And it is unreasonable to expect any
generalisation to be of such a character unless it is already based on
so large a number of facts that there is little fear of other new ones
upsetting them.
Some order was, however, introduced into this chaotic state of chemical
crystallography in the year 1870 by P. von Groth.[9] He investigated
systematically the derivatives of the hydrocarbon benzene, C_{6}H_{6},
many of which are excellently crystallising solids suitable for
goniometrical measurement. He showed that although the crystal system
may be and often is altered, yet there is a striking similarity in the
angles between the faces of certain zones, which for the purposes of
comparison he arranged to be parallel to each other in his descriptions
of the crystals, so that the relationship would then consist in an
elongation or a shortening of this particular zone axis, which was
usually a crystallographic axis. He recognised that this was a totally
different phenomenon from isomorphism, and called it “morphotropy.”
Although it may possibly be permissible from one point of view to regard
isomorphism as a particular case of complete morphotropy along all
zones, such a course is not advisable, as morphotropic similarities are
frequently of a comparatively loose and often indeed of a somewhat vague
character, while isomorphous relationships are governed by very precise
laws.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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