Nicklès observed similar facts in connection with the barium salts of
the fatty acids, which crystallise in different systems with different
amounts of water of crystallisation. But their prism angles are all
within a couple of degrees of each other, varying from 98° to 100°. Thus
the phenomenon of “isogonism,” a term much less objectionable than those
invented by Laurent, appears to be a common observance not only for
different kinds of derivatives of the same original hydrocarbon or other
organic nucleus, but also for the case of homologous series. But Nicklès
missed the real point by including salts with different amounts of
water, which, it will be shown later, entirely upset the crystalline
structure. When this is eliminated the resemblance between true
similarly constituted homologues, differing by regular increments of
CH_{3}, is very much closer than would appear from Nicklès’ results.
Unfortunately, some of the work of Laurent and Nicklès was not carried
out with the care and accuracy which is indispensable for researches
which are to retain permanent value, and critics were not slow to arise.
Kopp,[5] in 1849, unmercifully exposed these failings, so that the real
kernel of the work, which was of considerable value, came into
discredit.
Pasteur,[6] however, in 1848, besides the important observations
regarding enantiomorphism, to be described in Chapter XI., had noticed
similar zonal likenesses between related tartrates, amounting only
therefore to isogonism and not to isomorphism; for here again the system
often differed, particularly when the members of a series compared
differed in their water of crystallisation. Thus there was ample
evidence of a really significant series of facts in the work of these
authors, but they were not properly arranged and explained.
So high was the feeling against the whole subject carried, however,
after Kopp’s memoir, that had it not been for the steadying influence of
Rammelsberg and Marignac, who themselves carried out many
crystallographic measurements as new substances continued to be
discovered with great rapidity, the science would have suffered a
serious set-back. Moreover, even Rammelsberg was led astray in the
direction of the views of the chemists of the time, that isomorphism
could be extended over the crystal system. Frankenheim, whose discovery
of the space-lattice, to be referred to in the next chapter, will ever
render his name famous, strongly opposed this view. Delafosse, on the
other hand, recognised some truth in both views, and assumed that there
were two kinds of isomorphism, that of Mitscherlich on the one hand, and
the broader one of Laurent on the other hand, and that in the case of
the latter kind the overstepping of the system is no bar.
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