This illustration is sufficient to show us that, while there is no
absolute definition of anything, in the sense of a fixed genus and
difference, there may at the same time be certain attributes which
permanently distinguish the members of a given class from those of all
other classes.
§ 365. The above remarks will have made it clear that the intension of
a term is often much too wide to be conveyed by any definition; and
that what a definition generally does is to select certain attributes
from the whole intension, which are regarded as being more typical of
the thing than the remainder. No definition can be expected to exhaust
the whole intension of a term, and there will always be room for
varying definitions of the same thing, according to the different
points of view from which it is approached.
§ 366. Names of attributes lend themselves to definition far more
easily than names of substances. The reason of this is that names of
attributes are primarily intensive in force, whereas substances are
known to us in extension before they become known to us in
intension. There is no difficulty in defining a term like 'triangle'
or 'monarchy,' because these terms were expressly invented to cover
certain attributes; but the case is different with such terms as
'dog,' 'tree,' 'plant,' 'metal,' and other names of concrete
things. We none of us have any difficulty in recognising a dog or
tree, when we see them, or in distinguishing them from other animals
or plants respectively. We are therefore led to imagine that we know
the meaning of these terms. It is not until we are called upon for a
definition that we discover how superficial our knowledge really is of
the common attributes possessed by the things which these names
denote.
§ 367. It might be imagined that a common name would never be given to
things except in virtue of our knowledge of their common
attributes. But as a matter of fact, the common name was first given
from a confused notion of resemblance, and we had afterwards to detect
the common attributes, when sometimes the name had been so extended
from one thing to another like it, that there were hardly any definite
attributes possessed in common by the earlier and later members of the
class.
§ 368. This is especially the case where the meaning of terms has been
extended by analogy, e.g. head, foot, arm, post, pole, pipe, &c.
§ 369. But in the progress of thought we come to form terms in which
the intensive capacity is everything. Of this kind notably are
mathematical conceptions. Terms of this kind, as we said before, lend
themselves readily to definition.
§ 370. We may lay down then roughly that words are easy or difficult
of definition according as their intensive or extensive capacity
predominates.
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