_Prevention_ is vastly better than cure, and may be always secured, by not allowing hungry cattle to fill themselves with clover, roots, apples, &c. When first put upon such feed, it should be when the dew and rain are off, and their stomachs are already partially filled; and they should then be withdrawn before they have gorged themselves. [Illustration: Fig. 15.] [Illustration: Fig. 16. The Stomach Pump.] This is a convenient instrument for extracting poisonous substances from the stomach. It is also highly useful for administering medicines and injections, and if fitted with several tubes, one may suffice for animals of any size. It consists of a syringe, _a_, with a side opening at _b_, and another at the bottom _d_, as shown in Fig. 16. For injections, Fig. 15 is used, and the end of the syringe is placed in a vessel containing the fluid, when a probang or injection-tube is screwed on to the side opening at _b_, through which the fluid is forced into the stomach or rectum, as may be required. The probang should be a tube of thick but elastic leather, and it may be passed into the mouth, through an aperture in a block, placed on edge between the teeth, which is easily done while a person holds the head of the animal firmly. Choking Is frequently relieved by some of the following expedients. The use of the probang or whip-stock, mentioned under the head of _remedies for Hoven_, by which the root is forced into the stomach. A soft root may be crushed so as to allow of swallowing, by holding a smooth block against it, and striking with a mallet on the opposite side. If within arms-length, the root may be removed by hand. It is said this can be done, by tying up the fore-leg with a small cord, close to the body, and giving the animal a sudden start with a whip; or by jerking the fore-leg out forward. Or pour down the throat a pint bottle full of soft soap, mixed with sufficient hot water to make it run freely. _Prevention_ consists in cutting the roots; not feeding them when the animals are very hungry, and not disturbing them while eating. Inflammation of the Stomach. This is frequently produced by a sudden change from dry to green food, and some other causes. Epsom salts, castor oil, sulphur, and carbonate of soda, in sufficient quantity to purge freely, are good remedies. It may be prevented by changing the food gradually. Mange, or Scab. This is denoted by the animal rubbing the hair off about the eyes and other parts. The skin is scaly or scabby, sometimes appearing like a large seed-wart. _Remedies._--Rub the spots with sulphur and lard, after scraping and washing with soap. When the skin is cracked, take sulphur, 1 lb.; turpentine, ¼ lb.; unguentum, (or mercurial ointment,) 2 ounces; linseed oil, 1 pint. Melt the turpentine and warm the oil, and when partly cooled, stir in the sulphur; when cold, add the unguentum, mixing all well. Rub this thoroughly with the hand on the parts affected.