[35] Linseed oil, rosins, shellac, pitch, mundick, varnishes, nutgalls, turpentine, and vitriol, were made use of by the early printers in manufacturing their ink. In applying it, a small quantity was first taken up on a pair of balls or dabbers made of sheepskins padded with wool; these were then well beaten together until finely and evenly covered, after which they were beaten on the types until the pages were considered sufficiently inked. [36] _Typographia_: An Historical sketch of the Origin and Progress of the Art of Printing. By T. C. HANSARD, 1825. 8vo. 1000 pp. [37] _The Press_: a Poem; by JOHN M‘CREERY. The original edition, printed by the author, was beautifully illustrated with wood engravings by Mr. Hole, a pupil of the Bewicks. Mr. M‘Creery’s establishment was celebrated for the excellence of its printing. [38] “Life and Typography of William Caxton.” vol. ii. p. xlv. [39] “Inquiry concerning the Invention of Printing.” p. 254. [40] These occur in what is known as the fourth edition, of which only three copies exist, two in Haarlem, and one in Lille. It is in the copy at Lille that a leaf is printed on both sides. Mr. Humphreys, in his noble work,--the greatest boon ever conferred in any age or country on students of early Typography,--says, (p. 63) this leaf has “an appearance of being printed on both sides, from the existence of a strong set off.” But if the lines of the supposed ‘set-off’ read in the usual way, they must have been set-off from a set-off, or the impression would appear reversed. Most probably the back of the original impression was printed on by an accidental oversight. [41] “The Old Printer and the Modern Press.” p. 102. _London_, 1854. [42] Other witnesses also deposed to purchases, and in the judgment given on the suit, some of these are referred to as having been of _lead_. [43] The documents containing an account of the trial, and the sentence of the magistrates of Strasburg, are dated December 1439. They were originally published with a Latin version, by Schöpflin, in his _Vindiciæ Typographicæ_, 1760, and have since been repeatedly printed with French, English and Dutch translations. [44] In his “Dissertation sur l’Origine, l’Invention, et le Perfectionnement de l’Imprimerie,” printed at Amsterdam in 1819. This work was the one which obtained the prize offered by the Dutch Society of Arts and Sciences at Haarlem, about the year 1814, for the best Dissertation in support of the ancient tradition that the Art of Printing was invented in that city. [45] In certain parts of the north of Scotland augers and high-pitched screws are to this day called ‘wommels’ or ‘wombels,’ by old folk. The word is no doubt the same as the antiquated German ‘wurbel.’ [46] “Quid, si nunc justos, aeris ratione reducta, Tentarem libros cudere mille modis? Robora prospexit dehinc _torcularia_ Bacchi, Et dixit, preli forma sit ista novi.” _Encomion Chalcographiæ_, v.v. 65-69.