_Reutlingen._--The large S, with a personage in a doctoral bonnet, is taken from an Albertus Magnus, _Secreta mulierum et virorum_, in the Paris Bibliothèque Nationale (Res. 826), described in Mlle. Pellechet’s _Catalogue des Incunables_ under No. 372 as being without typographical indications. It also occurs at the commencement of a _Physiognomia_ of Michael Scotus, which is stated by Mr. Proctor to have been printed by M. Greyff at Reutlingen, the date being probably 1482. We have not seen this volume, but thanks to the courtesy of Professor Ferguson of Glasgow, who sent a photograph of the initial, we have found that it is identically the same. The reproduction does not render exactly the peculiar impression of the ink, which gives the initial the appearance of having been drawn in fusain. Another initial, the P with the Pope, is taken from a volume printed at Reutlingen by Greyff--the _De ritu et Moribus Indorum_--which has exactly the same typographical disposition as the edition printed by Knoblochtzer at Strasburg, a P at the beginning with the Pope, and a border on the margin of the front page. It may be noted here that in previous chapters no attempt has been made to distinguish between metal-cut initials and those cut on wood. Many printers, such as Grüninger, Gering, and Rembolt, etc., undoubtedly used soft metal, but this was cut in the same way as wood, the blocks were inked in the same manner, and printed in the same way with the type, so that for all practical purposes they belong to the same class. CHAPTER VII COLOGNE AND GENEVA The early printers at Cologne do not appear to have made much use of woodcut initials, the first known to us being the R of a missal by H. Quentell of 1494. This, although cut somewhat roughly, shows considerable vigour. It is highly probable that the splendid P with the Virgin and Child and grotesque profiles in two of the corners is of the same or earlier date. The book in which it occurs is an undated Donatus, which J. Rosenthal, to whom the volume was submitted, thinks was printed by H. Quentell towards the end of the fifteenth century. It looks at first sight as if a missal or Psalter letter had been used, as was so often the case at the time, because it happened to be in stock, but the Donatus, as has been said, often began with an initial of the kind. We have not been able to trace this P to any other press or publication. The D with a fool’s head in cap and bells is to be found frequently in Quentell’s books. The specimen from which it was copied is in a book already mentioned, the _Tractatus Consultatorii Venerandi Magistri Henrici de Gorychum_, printed _anno supra Jubileum tertio_. It is to be found at the beginning of the chapter, _De observatione Festorum_. On the title-page of a treatise called _Quodlibeta_, by St. Thomas Aquinas, is a curious black U. This is also by Quentell.