FIG. 14.—A crystal of augite within the mass of a rock altered in part to form a rim of the minerals hornblende and magnetite. Note the original outline of the augite crystal.] At other times a crystal which is imbedded in rock has been attacked upon its surface by the percolating solutions, and the dissolved materials have been deposited in place as a crown of new minerals which steadily widens its zone until the center is reached and the original crystal has been entirely transformed (Fig. 14). It is sometimes possible to say that the action by which these changes have been brought about has involved a nice adjustment of supply of the chemical constituents necessary to the formation of the new mineral or minerals. In rocks which are aggregates of several mineral species, a newly formed mineral may appear only at the common margin of certain of these species, thus showing that they supply those chemical elements which were necessary to the formation of the new substance (Fig. 15). Thus it is seen that below the earth’s surface chemical reactions are constantly going on, and the earlier rocks are thus locally being transformed into others of a different mineral constitution. [Illustration: FIG. 15.—A new mineral (hornblende) forming as an intermediate “reaction rim” between the mineral having irregular fractures (olivine) and the dusty white mineral (lime-soda feldspar).] Near the earth’s surface the carbon dioxide and the moisture which are present in the atmosphere are constantly changing the exposed portions of the lithosphere into carbonates, hydrates, and oxides. These compounds are more soluble than are the minerals out of which they were formed, and they are also more bulky and so tend to crack off from the parent mass on which they were formed. As we are to see, for both of these reasons the surface rocks of the lithosphere succumb to this attack from the atmosphere. In connection with those wrinklings of the surface shell of the lithosphere from which mountains result, the underlying rocks are subjected to great strains, and even where no visible partings are produced, the rocks are deformed so that individual minerals may be bent into crescent-shaped or S-shaped forms, or they are parted into one or more fragments which remain imbedded within the rock. READING REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER III Theories of origin of the earth:— THOMSON and TAIT. Natural Philosophy. 2d ed. Cambridge, 1883, pp. 422. T. C. CHAMBERLIN. Chamberlin and Salisbury’s Geology, vol. 2, pp. 1-81. Rigidity of the earth:— LORD KELVIN. The Internal Condition of the Earth as to Temperature, Fluidity, and Rigidity, Popular Lectures and Addresses, vol. 2, pp. 299-318; Review of evidence regarding the physical condition of the earth, _ibid._, pp. 238-272. HOBBS. Earthquakes (Appleton, New York, 1907), Chapters xvi and xvii. Composition of the earth’s core and shell:—