Earth Features and Their Meaning: An Introduction to Geology for the Student and the General ReaderHobbs, William Herbert
Science
Earth Features and Their Meaning: An Introduction to Geology for the Student and the General Reader
Hobbs, William Herbert
Geology; Physical geography
Again, igneous rocks, being due to a process of crystallization, are
composed of mineral individuals which are bounded either by crystal
planes or by irregular surfaces along which neighboring crystals have
interfered with each other; but in either case the grains possess
sharply angular boundaries. Quite different has been the result of
the attrition between grains in the transportation and deposition of
sediments, for it is characteristic of the sedimentary rocks that their
constituent grains are well rounded. Eolian sediments have usually more
perfectly rounded grains than subaqueous deposits.
Glacial deposits, if laid down directly by the ice, are unstratified,
relatively coarse, and contain pebbles which are both faceted
and striated. Such deposits are described as till or tillite. If
glacier-derived material is taken up by the streams of thaw water and
is by them redeposited, the sediments are assorted or stratified, and
they are described as _fluvio-glacial_ deposits.
=The metamorphic rocks.=—Both the coarser structures and the finer
textures of the metamorphic rocks are intermediate between those of
the igneous and the sedimentary classes. A metamorphosed sedimentary
rock, in proportion to its alteration, loses the perfect lamination
and the rounded grain which were its distinguishing characters; while
an igneous rock takes on in the process an imperfect banding, and
the sharp angles of its constituent grains become rounded off by a
sort of peripheral crushing or granulation. Metamorphic rocks are
therefore characterized by an imperfectly banded structure described
as _schistosity_ or _gneiss banding_, and the constituent grains may
be either angular or rounded. If the metamorphism has not been too
intense or too long continued, it is generally possible to determine,
particularly with the aid of the polarizing microscope, whether
the original rock from which it was derived was of igneous or of
sedimentary origin. There are, however, many examples which have defied
a reliable verdict concerning their origin.
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