A deer carcass was judged killed by wolves if the death had been recent, if tracks or other sign indicated that wolves had fed upon it, and if no other possible cause of death was discovered. Carcasses fed on by wolves but not clearly identifiable as kills were labeled "probable" wolf-kills. Although the cause of death of the specimens in this latter category could not be determined with certainty, there was no reason to believe other agents were involved. In addition to the wolf-kills examined by project personnel, data and lower jaws from deer judged killed by wolves were contributed by other biologists, game wardens, forest rangers, and others whose competence was known. Nevertheless, if certain identification of carcasses as wolf-kills was not possible, the data were relegated to the "probable" wolf-kill category. Whenever possible, kills discovered from the air were examined on the ground (fig. 4). Often only skeletal parts remained, but soft parts were also examined when available. Femur marrow, heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, reproductive tracts, and omenta were usually inspected in the field for fat, parasites, and abnormalities, and the degree of subcutaneous back fat was also noted. Hoofs and lower legs were checked, and those showing pathological conditions or abnormalities were collected and examined by the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory of the University of Minnesota. All lower jaws found were collected, aged, and examined for dental abnormalities and pathological conditions. [Illustration: _Figure 4.--As many wolf-killed deer as possible were examined from the ground. (Photo courtesy of L. D. Mech.)_] In November 1967 and 1968 hunter-check stations were operated on the study area (fig. 5), and deer bagged by hunters were field-checked for age (Severinghaus 1949) and hoof abnormalities. As many lower jaws as possible were collected from field-checked deer and other deer killed in the area for age determination and examination for abnormal dentition. [Illustration: _Figure 5.--Information about hunter-killed deer in the study area was obtained through hunter-check stations. (Photo courtesy of L. D. Frenzel.)_]