See H. R. De Salis, _Bradshaw's Canals and Navigable Rivers of England and Wales_ (London, 1904); _Report_ of Royal Commission on Canals (London, 1909). _Oversea Communications._--The chief ports for continental passenger traffic are as follows:-- _Harwich_ to Amsterdam, Antwerp, Hamburg, Hook of Holland, Rotterdam (Great Eastern railway); to Copenhagen and Esbjerg (Royal Danish mail route). _Queenborough_ to Flushing; (Zeeland Steamship company). _Dover_ to Calais (South-Eastern & Chatham railway); to Ostend (Belgian Royal mail steamers). _Folkestone_ to Boulogne (South Eastern & Chatham railway). _Newhaven_ to Dieppe (London, Brighton & South Coast railway). _Southampton_ to Cherbourg, Havre, St Malo (South-Western railway). The chief ports for trans-Atlantic traffic are Liverpool and Southampton, and special trains are worked in connexion with the steamers to and from London. The great development of harbour accommodation at Dover early in the 20th century brought trans-Atlantic traffic to this port also. Southampton and Liverpool are the two greatest English ports for all oceanic passenger traffic; but London has also a large traffic, both to European and to foreign ports. The passenger traffic to the Norwegian ports, always very heavy in summer, is carried on chiefly from Hull and Newcastle. VIII. INDUSTRIES _Agriculture._--In the agricultural returns for Great Britain, issued annually by the government, the area of England (apart from Wales) has been divided into two sections, "arable" and "grass," corresponding with a former division into "corn counties" and "grazing counties," except that Leicestershire is included not in the "grass" but in the "arable" section. Most of the eastern part of England is "arable," while the western and northern part is "grass," the boundary between the sections being the western limit of Hampshire, Berkshire, Oxfordshire, Warwickshire, Leicestershire, Nottinghamshire, and of the East Riding of Yorkshire. The division is thus as follows:-- _Grass Counties._ _Arable Counties._