The revival of the forest laws was one of the means resorted to by Charles I. for raising a revenue independently of parliament, and the royal forests in Essex were so enlarged that they were hyperbolically said to include the whole county. The 4th earl of Southampton was nearly ruined by a decision that stripped him of his estate near the New Forest. The boundaries of Rockingham Forest were increased from 6 m. to 60, and enormous fines imposed on the trespassers,--Lord Salisbury being assessed in L20,000, Lord Westmoreland in L19,000, Sir Christopher Hatton in L12,000 (Hallam's _Constitutional History of England_, c. viii.). By the statute 16 Charles I. c. 16 (1640) the royal forests were determined for ever according to their boundaries in the twentieth year of James, all subsequent enlargements being annulled. The forest laws, since the Revolution, have fallen into complete disuse. FOOTNOTES: [1] Coke, 4 _Inst._, 300. [2] Manwood's _Treatise of the Forest Laws_ (4th edition, 1717). [3] _Documents Illustrative of English History_, p. 338. FORESTS AND FORESTRY. Although most people know what a forest (Lat. _foris_, "out of doors") is, a definition of it which suits all cases is by no means easy to give. Manwood, in his treatise of the _Lawes of the Forest_ (1598), defines a forest as "a certain territory of woody grounds, fruitful pastures, privileged for wild beasts and fowls of forest, chase and warren, to rest and abide in, in the safe protection of the king, for his princely delight and pleasure." This primitive definition has, in modern times, when the economic aspect of forests came more into the foreground, given place to others, so that forest may, in a general way, now be described as "an area which is for the most part set aside for the production of timber and other forest produce, or which is expected to exercise certain climatic effects, or to protect the locality against injurious influences."