the more gorgeous looking hybrids, which have been evolved during the past 100 years. _H. Johnsoni_ is named after a Lancashire watchmaker who raised it in 1799 by crossing _H. Reginae_ with _H. vittatum_. Since that time other species have been used for hybridizing, notably _H. reticulatum_, _H. aulicum_, _H. solandriflorum_, and sometimes _H. equestre_ and _H. psittacinum_. The finest forms since 1880 have been evolved from _H. Leopoldi_ and _H. pardinum_. (J. Ws.) HIPPED ROOF, the name given in architecture to a roof which slopes down on all four sides instead of terminating on two sides against a vertical gable. Sometimes a compromise is made between the two, half the roof being hipped and half resting on the vertical wall; this gives much more room inside the roof, and externally a most picturesque effect, which is one of the great attractions of domestic architecture in the south of England, and is rarely found in other countries. HIPPEL, THEODOR GOTTLIEB VON (1741-1796), German satirical and humorous writer, was born on the 31st of January 1741, at Gerdauen in East Prussia, where his father was rector of a school. He enjoyed an excellent education at home, and in his sixteenth year he entered Konigsberg university as a student of theology. Interrupting his studies, he went, on the invitation of a friend, to St Petersburg, where he was introduced at the brilliant court of the empress Catherine II. Returning to Konigsberg he became a tutor in a private family; but, falling in love with a young lady of high position, his ambition was aroused, and giving up his tutorship he devoted himself with enthusiasm to legal studies. He was successful in his profession, and in 1780 was appointed chief burgomaster in Konigsberg, and in 1786 privy councillor of war and president of the town. As he rose in the world, however, his inclination for matrimony vanished, and the lady who had stimulated his ambition was forgotten. He died at Konigsberg on the 23rd of April 1796, leaving a considerable fortune. Hippel had extraordinary talents, rich in wit and fancy; but his was a character full of contrasts and contradictions. Cautiousness and ardent passion, dry pedantry and piety, morality and sensuality; simplicity and ostentation composed his nature; and, hence, his literary productions never attained artistic finish. In his _Lebenslaufe nach aufsteigender Linie_ (1778-1781) he intended to describe the lives of his father and grandfather, but he eventually confined himself to his own. It is an autobiography, in which persons well known to him are introduced, together with a mass of heterogeneous reflections on life and philosophy. _Kreuz- und Querzuge des Ritters A bis Z_ (1793-1794) is a satire levelled against the follies of the age--ancestral pride and the thirst for orders, decoration and the like. Among others of his better known works are _Uber die Ehe_ (1774) and _Uber die burgerliche Verbesserung der Weiber_ (1792). Hippel has been