_Kalpa Sutra_, containing a life of the founder of the Jain order; but this can scarcely be older than the 5th century of our era. He has also edited and translated the _Ayaranya Sutta_ of the Svetambara Jains. The text, published by the Pali Text Society, is of 140 pages octavo. The first part of it, about 50 pages, is a very old document on the Jain views as to conduct, and the remainder consists of appendices, added at different times, on the same subject. The older part may go back as early as the 3rd century B.C., and it sets out more especially the Jain doctrine of _tapas_ or self-mortification, in contradistinction to the Buddhist view, which condemned asceticism. The rules of conduct in this book are for members of the order. Dr Rudolf Hoernle edited and translated an ancient work on the rules of conduct for laymen, the _Uvasaga Dasao_.[1] Professor Leumann edited another of the older works, the _Aupapatika Sutra_, and a fourth, entitled the _Dasa-vaikalika Satra_, both of them published by the German Oriental Society. Professor Jacobi translated two more, the _Uttaradhyayana_ and the _Sutra Kritanga_.[2] Finally Dr Barnett has translated two others in vol. xvii. of the _Oriental Translation Fund_ (new series, London, 1907). Thus about one-fiftieth part of these interesting and valuable old records is now accessible to the European scholar. The sect of the Svetambaras has preserved the oldest literatures. Dr Hoernle has treated of the early history of the sect in the _Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal_ for 1898. Several scholars--notably Bhagvanlal Indraji, Mr Lewis Rice and Hofrath Bühler[3]--have treated of the remarkable archaeological discoveries lately made. These confirm the older records in many details, and show that the Jains, in the centuries before the Christian era, were a wealthy and important body in widely separated parts of India.