"Subdue the body, chastise thyself, weaken thyself, just as fire consumes dry wood." It was by suppressing, through such self-torture, the influence on his soul of all sensations that the Jain could obtain salvation. It is related of the founder himself, the Maha-vira, that after twelve years' penance he thus obtained Nirvana (Jacobi, _Jaina Sutras_, i. 201) before he entered upon his career as a teacher. And through the rest of his life, till he died at Pava, shortly before the Buddha, he followed the same habit of continual self-mortification. The Buddha, on the other hand, obtained Nirvana in his 35th year, under the Bo tree, after he had abandoned penance; and through the rest of his life he spoke of penance as quite useless from his point of view. There is no manual of Jainism as yet published, but there is a great deal of information on various points in the introductions to the works referred to above. Professor Jacobi, who is the best authority on the history of this sect, thus sums up the distinction between the Maha-vira and the Buddha: "Maha-vira was rather of the ordinary class of religious men in India. He may be allowed a talent for religious matters, but he possessed not the genius which Buddha undoubtedly had.... The Buddha's philosophy forms a system based on a few fundamental ideas, whilst that of Maha-vira scarcely forms a system, but is merely a sum of opinions (_pannattis_) on various subjects, no fundamental ideas being there to uphold the mass of metaphysical matter. Besides this ... it is the ethical element that gives to the Buddhist writings their superiority over those of the Jains. Maha-vira treated ethics as corollary and subordinate to his metaphysics, with which he was chiefly concerned." ADDITIONAL AUTHORITIES.--Bhadrabahu's _Kalpa Sutra_, the recognized and popular manual of the Svetambara Jains, edited with English introduction by Professor Jacobi (Leipzig, 1879); Hemacandra's "Yoga S'astram," edited by Windisch, in the _Zeitschrift der deutschen morg. Ges._ for 1874; "Zwei Jaina Stotra," edited in the _Indische Studien_, vol. xv.; _Ein Fragment der Bhagavati_, by Professor Weber; _Mémoires de l'Académie de Berlin_ (1866); _Nirayavaliya Sutta_, edited by Dr Warren, with Dutch introduction (Amsterdam, 1879); _Over de godsdienstige en wijsgeerige Begrippen der Jainas_, by Dr Warren (his doctor-dissertation, Zwolle, 1875); _Beiträge zur Grammatik des Jaina-prakrit_, by Dr Edward Müller (Berlin, 1876); Colebrooke's _Essays_, vol. ii. Mr J. Burgess has an exhaustive account of the Jain Cave Temples (none older than the 7th century) in Fergusson and Burgess's _Cave Temples in India_ (London, 1880). See also Hopkins' _Religions of India_ (London, 1896), pp. 280-96, and J. G. Bühler _On the Indian Sect of the Jainas_, edited by J. Burgess (London, 1904). (T. W. R. D.) FOOTNOTES: [1] Published in the _Bibliotheca Indica_, Calcutta, 1888.