the three bishoprics, to the _intendance_ of Lorraine and the _généralité_ of Metz. For legal purposes, Metz had been the seat of a parlement since 1633, and the parlement of Nancy was created in 1776. There was, too, a _chambre des comptes_ at Metz, and another at Bar-le-duc. (For the later history see Alsace-Lorraine.) See Dom. A. Calmet, _Histoire ecclésiastique et civile de Lorraine_ (2nd ed., Nancy, 1747-1757); A. Digot, _Histoire de Lorraine_ (1879-1880); E. Huhn, _Geschichte Lothringens_ (Berlin, 1877); R. Parisot, _Le Royaume de Lorraine sous les Carolingiens_ (Paris, 1899); Comte D'Haussonville, _Histoire de la réunion de la Lorraine à la France_ (2nd ed., Paris, 1860); E. Bonvalot, _Histoire du droit et des institutions de la Lorraine et des Trois-Évêchés_ (Paris, 1895); and E. Duvernoy, _Les États Généraux des duchés de Lorraine et de Bar jusqu'à la majorité de Charles III_. (Paris, 1904). (R. Po.) LORTZING, GUSTAV ALBERT (1801-1851), German composer, was born at Berlin on the 23rd of October 1801. Both his parents were actors, and when he was nineteen the son began to play youthful lover at the theatres of Düsseldorf and Aachen, sometimes also singing in small tenor or baritone parts. His first opera _Ali Pascha von Jannina_ appeared in 1824, but his fame as a musician rests chiefly upon the two operas _Der Wildschütz_ (1842) and _Czar und Zimmermann_ (1837). The latter, although now regarded as one of the masterpieces of German comic opera, was received with little enthusiasm by the public of Leipzig. Subsequent performance in Berlin, however, provoked such a tempest of applause that the opera was soon placed on all the stages of Germany. It was translated into English, French, Swedish, Danish, Dutch, Bohemian, Hungarian and Russian. _Der Wildschütz_ was based on a comedy of Kotzebue, and was a satire on the unintelligent and exaggerated admiration for the highest beauty in art expressed by the _bourgeois gentilhomme_. Of his other operas it is only necessary to note _Der Pole und sein Kind_, produced shortly after the Polish insurrection of 1831, and _Undine_ (1845). Lortzing died at Berlin on the 21st of January 1851.