The famous map of Switzerland, with which is associated the name of General H. Dufour (d. 1875), is based upon a triangulation (1809-1833) and surveys on a scale of 1:25,000 for the lowlands, 1:50,000 for the alpine districts, and was published (1842-1865) on a scale of 1:100,000. The hills are hachured, the light, in the case of the loftier regions, being supposed to fall obliquely. The original surveys, carefully revised, have been published since 1870 as a _Topographical Atlas of Switzerland_--the so-called _Siegfried Atlas_, in 552 sheets. They are printed in three colours, contours at intervals of 10 and 20 metres being in brown, incidental features (ravines, cliffs, glaciers) in black or blue. To mountain-climbers these contour maps are invaluable, but for ordinary purposes "strata maps," such as J. M. Ziegler's hypsometric maps (1856) or so-called "relief maps," which attempt to delineate the ground so as to give the impression of a relief, are generally preferred. Belgium. The new survey of Belgium was completed in 1872 and there have been published 527 plane-table sections or _planchettes_ on a scale of 1:20,000 (1866-1880), a "Carte topographique de la Belgique," in 72 sheets, on a scale of 1:40,000 (1861-1883), and a more recent map in 26 sheets on a scale of 1:100,000 (1903-1912). The last is printed in five colours, the ground is shown in contours of 10 metres interval and grey stippling. Holland. The new survey of the Netherlands, based upon General Krayenhoff's primary triangulation (1802-1811) was completed in 1855. The results have been published on a scale of 1:25,000 (776 sheets, since 1866), 1:50,000 (Topographic and Military Map, 62 sheets, 1850-1864, and a Waterstaatskaart, 1864-1892), and 1:200,000 (Topographical Atlas, 21 sheets, 1868-1871). Denmark. In Denmark, on the proposal of the Academy of Science, a survey was carried out in 1766-1825, but the maps issued by the Danish general staff depend upon more recent surveys. These include plane-table sections (_Maalebordsblade_), 1209 sheets on a scale of 1:20,000, with contours at intervals of 5 to 10 ft., published since 1830; _Atlasblade_ of Jutland and of _De Danske Öer_, on a scale of 1:40,000, the former in 131 sheets, since 1870, the latter, on the same scale, in 94 sheets, since 1890, and still in progress, and a general staff map on a scale of 1:100,000, in 68 sheets, since 1890. Maps of the Faroer and of Iceland have likewise been issued. Scandinavia. Modern surveys in Sweden date from the organization of a corps of "Landemätare," known since 1874 as a topographical department of the general staff. The maps issued by this authority include one of southern Sweden, 1:100,000, another of northern Sweden, 1:200,000, and a general map on a scale of 1:1,000,000. In Norway a geographical survey (_Opmaaling_) has been in progress since 1783, but the topographical map of the kingdom on a scale of 1:100,000 in 340 sheets, has not yet been completed.