Colombia is but inadequately represented by rough maps. For Colombia we have F. L. Vergara y Velasco's _Atlas de geografia colombiana_ (1906-1908); Ecuador is fairly well represented by Th. Wolf (1892) and Hans Meier (1907); in the case of Peru we still largely depend upon Paz Soldan's _Atlas geografica_ (1865-1867) and A. Raimondi's _Mapa del Peru_ (1:500,000) based upon surveys made before 1869. Sir Martin Conway's "Map of the Andes of La Paz" (1:600,000; 1900) as well as Major P. H. Fawcett's survey of the Brazilian boundary (1906-1907) are welcome additions to our knowledge of Bolivia. In Chile a comision topografica was appointed as long ago as 1848, but the map produced under its auspices by Professor F. Pissis (1:250,000, 1870-1877), leaves much to be desired. Since that time, however, valuable maps have been published by an _Oficina de mensura de tierras_, by a _seccion de geografia y minas_ connected with the department of public works, by the _Oficina hidrografica_, and more especially in connexion with surveys necessitated by the boundary disputes with Argentina, which were settled by arbitration in 1899 and 1902. The surveys which led to the latter were conducted by Sir Thomas Holdich. In Venezuela a commission for producing a _plano militar_ or military map of the country was appointed by General Castro in 1904, but little progress seems to have been made, and meantime we are dependent upon a revised edition of A. Codazzi's map of 1840 which was published in 1884. In Brazil little or nothing is done by the central government, but the progressive states of São Paulo and Mines Gerães have commissãos geographicos e geologicos engaged in the production of topographical maps. Valuable materials have likewise been acquired by several river surveys including those of the Amazonas by Azevedo and Pinto (1862-1864) and W. Chandless (1862-1869) and of the Rio Madeira by Colonel G. Earl Church and Keller-Leuzinger (1860-1875). The proposal of a committee presided over by the Marshal H. de Beaurepaire-Rohan (1876) to prepare a map of Brazil on a scale of 1:200,000 has never been acted upon, and in the meantime we are dependent upon works like the _Atlas do imperio do Brazil_ by Mendes de Almeida (1868) or the maps in our general atlases. In Argentina an official geographical institute was established in 1879, but neither A. Seelstrang's _Atlas_ (1886-1892) nor H. Hoskold's _Mapa topografica_ (1:2,000,000; London, 1895), which were published by it, nor any of the numerous provincial maps are based upon scientific surveys.