Familiar Talks on Science: World-Building and Life; Earth, Air and Water.Gray, Elisha
Science
Familiar Talks on Science: World-Building and Life; Earth, Air and Water.
Gray, Elisha
Science
In settled, dry weather as the sun approaches the zenith, the earth
becomes intensely heated, and there is an ascending column of air partly
laden with moisture; but not to the same extent as earlier in the
season. Condensation takes place and clouds are formed, but as there is
not sufficient moisture to carry them to the point of a further
condensation,--which would result in precipitation,--as the sun lowers
in the west and the heated air becomes more evenly distributed this
condensed vapor is reabsorbed into the air as invisible moisture by a
process allied to that of evaporation. This condition of things would
extend to a much longer period than it does in our latitude if it were
not for the gradual changing of the seasons, which finally destroys the
balance in the dynamics of cloud-land and allows the cold--that has been
held back for the time--in the great northern zone to get the upper
hand. Then we have what is termed in common parlance a change in the
weather, or, more properly in this case, a change in the season.
We have already spoken of the cloud called cumulus (which means heap)
and of its performance during the dry season of summer. There is another
form of cloud that is seen at this season of the year called cirrus (a
curl). It takes the form of a curl at its ends. This cloud usually has a
threaded shape and sometimes takes the form of a feather, and frequently
forms are seen that remind you of frost pictures on a window pane. These
clouds float very high in the atmosphere, away above the tops of the
highest mountains, from six to eight miles above the level of the sea.
They are formed only at a season of the year when the atmospheric
conditions are most uniform. At certain times of the day and night the
moisture will rise to this height before it condenses and when it does
condense it immediately freezes, which makes it take on these peculiar
forms that would no doubt conform very closely to the frost pictures on
the window pane if it were not for the disturbing influences of air
currents at this altitude. The fact that they are ice or frost clouds
instead of water clouds gives them that peculiar whiteness and
brightness of appearance. If ordinary clouds are water-dust these high
clouds may be called ice-dust. Sometimes we see them lying in bands or
threads running across the sky in the direction that the wind blows.
Their form is undoubtedly a resultant of the struggle between the air
currents and the tendency of crystallized water to arrange itself in
certain definite lines or forms. This cloud may be said to be one
extreme, having its home in the highest regions of cloud-land, while the
cumulus, or thunder cloud, is the other extreme and occupies the lower
or mid regions of the air.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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