[159] It is with something of a shock I find such careful translators as Butcher and Lang translating γναμπτοῖσιν ἀγκίστροισιν in _Od._, IV. 369, as “_bent_,” and in _Od._, XII. 332, as “_barbed_” hooks, without one word of explanation. These weapons differ in appearance, execution, and date of invention. To evolve the _barbed_ from the _bent_ hook required probably as many generations of men, and centuries of effort, as the development of the bent hook from the primitive _gorge_. See _Introduction_. [160] There are of course limitations to the “pulley-hauley” of a hand-line; with a 700 lb. Tuna a Rod may be a very present help, a windlass even more so. The practice in vogue among the Spanish Tunny fishers is to throw aside the Rod at the moment of hooking and man-handle the fish with the Line. [161] Idyll, XXI. 55. [162] vii. 18-21. [163] See S. Reinach, _Cultes, Mythes, et Religions_ (Paris 1908), iii. 43 ff. [164] Ælian, N. H., xiii. 26. [165] Hesych. _s.v._ Κάβειροι. [166] Compare its use four times (in the _Iliad_ only) as applied to birds of prey and to dogs; also figuratively to Achilles as “savage.” [167] Later on it is true we do find the Roman “burgher” becoming also an amateur angler, and gentlefolk, including ladies and children, taking freely to the sport. _Piscator_ is generally used in reference to those who were fishermen by trade, whereas _venator_ and _auceps_ may be likewise applied to mere lovers of hunting and fowling (H. Blümner, _Die römischen Privataltertümer_, Munich, 1911). [168] A gorge, almost identical with the Neolithic gorge, is used at the present day for catching ducks on the Untersee of Holland. See _Introduction_. [169] _Il._, 24. 81, and _Od._, 12. 253. [170] See Merry and Riddell on _Od._, XII. 251. Döderlein (_Il._, XXIV. 80), following the Scholiast, also gives this same explanation. [171] T. K. Arnold, _Iliad_ (1852), 20. 80. According to Dugas-Montbel, as quoted here, “To this little tube of horn they attached also a piece of lead to sink the bait, and the horn, being the colour of the sea, had also the advantage of deceiving the fish.” [172] Plutarch, _De Sol. Anim._ 24. [173] _The Field_, of January 2nd, 1904. [174] Apollonius Sophista, _Lexicon Homericum_, (ed. Bekker, Berlin 1833), p. 52, was evidently aware of interpretation (1), and also, from his words ἔνιοι δὲ τὴν τρίχα κέρας, of (4). Cf. Plutarch _de Sol. an._ 24. [175] “The remarks of the Scholiast here (_Od._, XII. 251) citing as authority Aristarchus perhaps illustrate fishing tackle as later known. The Homeric tackle was far simpler, a staff shod with a native horn” (Hayman). [176] In _The Confessions of a Beachcomber_, pp. 266-8 (London, 1913), the illustrations of pearl-shell fish-hooks in various stages of completion tend to confirm this statement, while the author, Mr. Banfield, inclines to Mr. Minchin’s theory as regards the horn of an ox. [177] Maspero, _Egyptian Archæology_, p. 270.