The Spongillidæ are an ancient family. Young described a species (_Spongilla purbeckensis_) from the Upper Jurassic of Dorset (Geol. Mag. London (new series) v, p. 220 (1878)), while spicules, assigned by Ehrenberg to various genera but actually those of _Spongilla lacustris_ or allied forms, have been found in the Miocene of Bohemia (see Ehrenberg's 'Atlas für Micro-Geologie,' pl. xi (Leipzig, 1854), and Traxler in Földt. Közl., Budapest, 1895, p. 211). _Ephydatia_ is also known in a fossil condition, but is probably less ancient than _Spongilla_. Ehrenberg found many sponge spicules in earth from various parts of the Indian Empire (including Baluchistan, Mangalore, Calcutta, the Nicobars and Nepal) and elsewhere, and it might be possible to guess at the identity of some of the more conspicuous species figured in his 'Atlas.' The identification of sponges from isolated spicules is, however, always a matter of doubt, and in some cases Ehrenberg probably assigned spicules belonging to entirely different families or even orders to the same genus, while he frequently attributed the different spicules of the same species to different genera. Among his fossil (or supposed fossil) genera that may be assigned to the Spongillidæ wholly or in part are _Aphidiscus_, _Spongolithis_, _Lithastericus_ and _Lithosphæridium_, many of the species of these "genera" certainly belonging to _Spongilla_ and _Ephydatia_. ORIENTAL SPONGILLIDÆ NOT YET FOUND IN INDIA. Few freshwater sponges that have not been found in India are as yet known from the Oriental Region, and there is positive as well as negative evidence that Spongillidæ are less abundant in Malaysia than in this country. The following list includes the names of those that have been found, with notes regarding each species. It is quite possible that any one of them may be found at any time within the geographical boundaries laid down for this 'Fauna.' I have examined types or co-types in all cases except that of _Ephydatia fortis_, Weltner. I. _Spongilla_ (_Euspongilla_) _microsclerifera_*, Annandale (Philippines). P. U.S. Mus. xxxvii, p. 131 (1909). This sponge is closely related to _S. lacustris_, but apparently does not produce branches. It is remarkable for the enormous number of microscleres in its parenchyma. II. _S._ (_Euspongilla_) _philippinensis_*, Annandale (Philippines). P. U.S. Mus. xxxvi, p. 629 (1909). Related to _S. alba_ and still more closely to _S. sceptrioides_ of Australia. From the former it is readily distinguished by having minutely spined megascleres, green corpuscles, slender gemmule-spicules with short spines and no free microscleres. III. _S._ (? _Euspongilla_) _yunnanensis_*, Annandale (W. China). Rec. Ind. Mus. v, p. 197 (1910). Apparently allied to _S. philippinensis_ but with smooth skeleton-spicules and a more delicate skeleton. IV. _S._ (_Stratospongilla_) _sinensis_*, Annandale (Foochow, China). P. U.S. Mus. xxxviii, p. 183 (1910).