a town or city, literally an enclosed and fortified dwelling, from _bergen_, Teut. to cover or protect. As these fortified places were often erected on heights for security, as well as to enable their inmates to observe the approaches of an enemy, the word _berg_ (a hill) was frequently used synonymously with _burg_, as in the name of Königsberg and other towns--_v._ BERG. Burgh and borough are the Anglican forms of the word in England and Scotland, while _bury_ is distinctively the Saxon form; _e.g._ Sudbury (south town), as also Sidbury in Salop, but Sidbury in Devon takes its name from the R. Sid. Tewkesbury, from Theoc (a certain hermit); Glastonbury, anc. _Glastonia_ (a district abounding in woad, _glastum_); Shaftsbury (the town on the shaft-like hill); Shrewsbury, anc. _Shrobbesbyrig_ (the fortress among shrubs), being the Saxon rendering of the native name _Pengwerne_ (the hill of the alder grove), which the Normans corrupted into Sloppesbury, hence _Salop_; Tenbury, on the R. Teme; Canterbury, _i.e._ _Cant-wara-byrig_ (the town of the dwellers on the headland), _Cantium_ or Kent; Wansborough, in Herts; Wanborough, in Surrey and Wilts; Woodensborough, in Kent; Wednesbury, Stafford; Wembury, Devon (the town of the Saxon god Woden); Aldeborough, on the R. Alde; Marlborough, anc. _Merlberga_, situated at the foot of a hill of white stones, which our forefathers called _marl_, now _chalk_; Richborough, anc. _Ru-tupium_ (rock town); Aylesbury, perhaps church town, _ecclesia_, or from a person’s name; Badbury (the city of pledges, _bad_), in Dorset; the Saxon kings, it is said, kept their hostages at this place; Malmesbury, the town of Maidulf, a hermit; Maryborough, named for Queen Mary. Burg or burgh, in the names of towns, is often affixed to the name of the river on which it stands in Britain, as well as on the Continent; _e.g._ Lauterburg, Lutterburg, Schwartzburg, Salzburg, Saalburg, Gottenburg, Rotenburg, and Jedburgh (on the rivers Lauter, Lutter, Schwarza, Salza, Saale, Gotha, Rothbach, and Jed). Still more frequently, the prefix is the name of the founder of the town, or of a saint to whom its church was dedicated; _e.g._ Edinburgh (Edwin’s town); Lauenburg, after Henry the Lion; Fraserburgh, in Aberdeenshire, founded by Sir Alexander Fraser of Philorth in 1570; Peterborough, from an abbey dedicated to St. Peter; Petersburgh, named by its founder, Peter the Great; Tasborough, Norfolk, on the R. Thais; Banbury, anc. _Berinburig_ (Bera’s town); Queenborough, in the Isle of Sheppey, named by Edward III. in honour of his queen; Helensburgh, in Dumbartonshire, after the lady of Sir James Colquhoun; Pittsburg, U.S., after Mr. Pitt; Harrisburg, U.S., after the first settler in 1733; Sumburgh, in Shetland, and Svendborg, Sweden (Sweyn’s fortress); Oranienburg, in Brandenburg (the fortress of the Orange family); Bury St. Edmund’s (in memory of Edmund the Martyr); Rabensburg (the fort of