[30] Acoma is a Queres pueblo, built upon a cliff, about seventy miles southwest of Santa Fé, in Valencia County. Because of its inaccessibility, and the charm of its situation, it has been much noted. Coronado described it in his journey of 1540--see George P. Winship, _Journey of Coronado_ (New York, 1904); and here a great battle was fought between Spaniards and Acomans in 1599. The pueblo took part in the revolts of 1680 and 1696; but has since lived quietly, and has at present a population of about six hundred.--ED. [31] The _tilma_ of the North is a sort of small but durable blanket, worn by the Indians as a mantle.--GREGG. [32] Recent authorities do not consider the decline of domestic arts a sign of deterioration among the Pueblos. They taught the Navaho to weave, and now purchase blankets from the latter. Pottery is still manufactured among the New Mexican pueblos. See on these subjects Washington Matthews, "Navaho Weavers," in U. S. Bureau of Ethnology _Report_, 1881-82, pp. 371-391; and William H. Holmes, "Pottery of the Ancient Pueblos," _ibid._, 1882-83, pp. 265-358.--ED. [33] The Pueblos still retain their native dress, which is picturesque, healthful, convenient, and often relatively costly--a woman's costume sometimes being worth as much as twenty-five dollars.--ED. [34] _Pinole_ is in effect the _cold-flour_ of our hunters. It is the meal of parched Indian corn, prepared for use by stirring it up with a little cold water. This food seems also to have been of ancient use among the aborigines of other parts of America. Father Charlevoix, in 1721, says of the savages about the northern lakes, that they "reduce [the maize] to Flour which they call _Farine froide_ (cold Flour), and this is the best Provision that can be made for Travellers."--GREGG. CHAPTER XV The wild Tribes of New Mexico -- Speculative Theories -- Clavigero and the _Azteques_ -- Pueblo Bonito and other Ruins -- Probable Relationship between the _Azteques_ and tribes of New Mexico -- The several Nations of this Province -- _Navajóes_ and _Azteques_ -- Manufactures of the former -- Their Agriculture, Religion, etc. -- Mexican Cruelty to the Indians and its Consequences -- Inroads of the Navajóes -- Exploits of a Mexican Army -- How to make a Hole in a Powder-keg -- The _Apaches_ and their Character -- Their Food -- Novel Mode of settling Disputes -- Range of their marauding Excursions -- Indian Traffic and imbecile Treaties -- Devastation of the Country -- Chihuahua Rodomontades -- Juan José, a celebrated Apache Chief, and his tragical End, etc. -- Massacre of Americans in Retaliation -- A tragical Episode -- _Proyecto de Guerra_ and a 'gallant' Display -- The _Yutas_ and their Hostilities -- A personal Adventure with them, but no blood shed -- Jicarillas.