The two brilliant Pinckneys and John Rutledge, the silver-tongued orator, were there to represent South Carolina. {147} Then there were Elbridge Gerry and Rufus King of Massachusetts, John Langdon of New Hampshire, John Dickinson of Delaware, and the great orator, Edmund Randolph of Virginia. Thomas Jefferson and John Adams would no doubt have been delegates, had they not been abroad in the service of their country. Patrick Henry and Samuel Adams remained at home; for they did not approve of the convention. How Rhode Island must have missed her most eminent citizen, Nathanael Greene, who had just died of sunstroke, in the prime of manhood! Washington was elected president of the convention. The doors were locked, and, every member being pledged to secrecy, they settled down to work. Just what was said and done during those four months was for more than fifty years kept a profound secret. After the death of James Madison, often called the {148} "Father of the Constitution," his journal was published, giving a complete account of the proceedings. [Illustration: James Madison] When the delegates began their work, they soon realized what a problem it was to frame a government for the whole country. As might have been expected, some of these men had a fit of moral cowardice. They began to cut and to trim, and tried to avoid any measure of thorough reform. Washington was equal to the occasion. He was not a brilliant orator, and his speech was very brief; but the solemn words of this majestic man, as his tall figure drawn up to its full height rose from the president's chair, carried conviction to every delegate. "If, to please the people," he said, "we offer what we ourselves disapprove, how can we afterward defend our work? Let us raise a standard to which the wise and the honest can repair; the event is in the hand of God." The details of what this convention did would be dull reading; but some day we shall want to study in our school work the noble Constitution which these men framed. The gist of the whole matter is that our Federal Constitution is based upon three great compromises. The first compromise was between the small and the large states. In the upper house, or Senate, equal representation was conceded to all the states, but in the lower house of Congress, representation was arranged according to the population. {149} Thus, as you know, little Rhode Island and Delaware have each two senators, while the great commonwealths of New York and Ohio have no more. In the House of Representatives, on the other hand, New York has forty-three representatives, and Ohio has twenty-two, while Rhode Island has three, and Delaware only one. The second compromise was between the free and the slave states. Were the slaves to be counted as persons or as goods? South Carolina and Georgia maintained that they were persons; the Northern states said they were merely property.