[Footnote 139: The four objects of living being, in the creed of the Hindu, virtue, wealth, pleasure, and final liberation of the soul.] [Footnote 140: Manu, ch. 8, sl. 62, 63.] [Footnote 141: The terms used are _játi_ and _varṇa_ which are somewhat ambiguous; but the sense is evidently as rendered, and is so explained by the Commentator. Manu adds,--Women should be witnesses for women, ch. 8, sl. 68.] [Footnote 142: _i. e._ if the regular and more appropriate witnesses are not available. (_M._) After sloka 69 the Calcutta edition has the following:--Those learned in the Vedas, ascetics, the aged, devotees, and the like, are incompetent witnesses, because so declared by law; no other ground [of incompetency] is assigned. We do not insert this additional sloka for the reasons stated in note [79] supra.] [Footnote 143: of not less than eighty years.(_M._)] [Footnote 144: possessed of devils. (_M._) The expression used by the Commentator may be also translated--under planetary influence.] [Footnote 145: which the Commentator explains _nirgranthi prabhritayah_, by which probably are indicated those of the Hindu community who disbelieve the Vedas, _e.g._ the Jains.] [Footnote 146: the slayer of bráhmaṇ, and such heinous criminals. (_M._) Manu ch. 11, sl. 54. See Note [155].] [Footnote 147: of either party. Perhaps this might be rendered, partisans, or, allies.] [Footnote 148: Said by the Commentator to allude to notorious liars.] [Footnote 149: _scil._ as found in the other Smritis. The Commentator (quoting Nárada) gives a more detailed account of persons excluded or exempt from giving testimony. Manu ch. 8, sl. 64--67.] [Footnote 150: a fortiori two persons, (_M._)] [Footnote 151: or, who knows the Dharma.] [Footnote 152: The Commentator excludes from this enabling exception those under moral (not merely arbitrary or conventional) disability, as, criminals. Manu, ch. 8, sl. 72.] [Footnote 153: also, murder. (_M._)] [Footnote 154: _párushya_ and _sáhasa_: v. supra in notes [9] et [11].] [Footnote 155: Who these are is described by Yájnavalkya, in the third book, _scil._ sl. 227. The slayer of a bráhmaṇ, the drinker of what intoxicates, the thief, one who violates his _guru's_ bed, are great criminals--also, whoever associates with such persons. sl. 228. Grossly to revile one's _guru_, speaking reproachfully of the Vedas, to slay a friend, after reading from the Veda to forget it,--these [sins] are like to the murder of a bráhmaṇ. sl. 229. To eat forbidden food, a crooked insincere mode of dealing, a multitude of lying words, kissing the mouth of a menstruous woman,--these [sins] are like to drinking intoxicating liquor. sl. 230. To steal horses, jewels, men, women, land, cows, property pledged,--these [sins] are like to the stealing of gold.