of the principles of systematic botany as might have led to enduring results, and even destroyed the very capacity for those difficult intellectual operations, which were absolutely necessary to build up a truly natural system on scientific foundations; the wood could not be seen for the trees. Above all the morphology founded by Jung, though acknowledged and employed, was not sufficiently developed by the labours of others to form the foundation of the system in its grander features,—a reproach which must be made against the systematists of the succeeding hundred years with few exceptions. How could the botanists of the 17th century succeed in acquiring a true conception of the larger groups indicated by natural affinity, when they still held to the old division into trees and herbs, which Jung had already set aside and which is opposed to all consistent morphology, and when they paid so little attention to the structure of the seed and the fruit, that they commonly treated dry indehiscent fruits as naked seeds, and were guilty of other and similar mistakes? But if nothing new and good in principle found its way into systematic botany, much service was rendered to it in matters of detail. The working out of various systems helped to show what marks are not admissible in fixing the limits of the natural groups; the contradiction between the method and aim of the systematists became in this empirical way continually more apparent, till at length Linnaeus was able to recognise it distinctly; and this was beyond doubt a great gain. To attempt to give an account of all the systematists of England, France, Italy, Germany, and the Netherlands during this period would serve only to obscure the subject; all that is historically important will be brought out more clearly by mentioning those only who have really enriched systematic botany. Whoever wishes for a more complete knowledge of all the systems which made their appearance before Linnaeus will find a masterly account of them in his ‘Classes Plantarum,’ and another worth consulting in Michel Adanson’s ‘Histoire de la Botanique’ (Paris, 1864). It is sufficient for our present purpose to consider more particularly the labours of the four men whose names have recently been mentioned.