[100] Cf. Strab. xvi. 777; Diod. ii. 50, for gold in “nuggets.” [101] Cf. Vincent, ii. 702. Ezek. v. 19. [102] Diod. iii. 45. [103] Cf. Ritter, Erdk. v. 521; Michael. Spicel. ii. 173. [104] Ver. 24. [105] Cf. Nahum iii. 16; 2 Kings iii. 4; Plin. H. N. viii. 48; and the “goodly garments of Shinar,” for the secreting of which Achan was punished, Josh. vii. 21. [106] Euseb. Præp. Evang. ix. 41. [107] Norris, ap. Trans. As. Soc. xvi. 221. [108] Manil. Astron. i. 304; Hygin. Astron. ii. 2; Callimach. Fragm. 94. [109] Strab. i. 173. [110] Heeren. As. Nat. i. pp. 30, 285. [111] Herod, iii. 17, 19. [112] Diod. ii. 190. [113] Xenophon, in his “Œconomics,” c. 18, gives some interesting details of a large Phœnician merchant ship which he went over, when at anchor in the Piræeus. He appears to have entered into conversation with the “prow’s-man” (who probably acted as supercargo), and to have been greatly surprised at the care with which everything was arranged, so that it could be got at at once. From the phraseology Xenophon uses it would seem that such a vessel came, in his day, annually to Athens. Heliodorus (v. 18) speaks, too, of the “beauty and magnitude of Phœnician ships.” [114] Virgil. Æn. i. 421. [115] Arist. de Mirab. Ausc. c. 146. Strabo, xvii. p. 832. Polyb. iii. 24. [116] Thucyd. vi. 2. [117] Barth. “Wanderungen,” p. 94. Sir Grenville Temple’s “Excursions,” ii. 37. Admiral W. H. Smyth’s “Mediterranean,” p. 92. [118] Arist. Polit. ii. 11, vi. 5, and Heeren i. p. 40. [119] The question of the reality of Carthaginian coins has been fully examined by Müller, “Études Numismatiques,” and by Vaux, “Numism. Chron.” vol. xxi. [120] Polyb. i. 7, 16. [121] Plin. ii. 169. Hanno’s “Periplus,” ap. Geogr. Græc. Minor. Hanno’s voyage was really rather one of discovery. [122] Plin. ibid. [123] Herod. iv. cap. 196; cf. Scylac. “Periplus,” c. 112. [124] Lyon’s Narrative, p. 149. [125] Hoest, p. 279. [126] Heeren’s “Ancient Nations of Africa,” vol. i. p. 159. CHAPTER II. Earliest caravan trade—Ophir—Port of Ezion-geber—The voyages of the Jewish ships—The inland commerce of Solomon—Babylon—Gerrha and Tylos—Babylonian commerce—Assyrian boats—Lydia—Ionia—Caria—Phrygia—Scythians—Their caravan routes to India, _viâ_ the Caspian. [Sidenote: Earliest caravan trade.]