the rise of the “National Intelligencer” at Washington, semi-official organ of Jefferson’s administration. After the year 1800 the “Aurora” languished; but between 1795 and 1800 it was the leading newspaper of the United States, and boasted in 1802 of a circulation of four thousand copies, at least half of which its rivals declared to be imaginary. Although Philadelphia was the literary as well as the political capital of America, nothing proved the existence of a highly intellectual society. When Joseph Dennie, a graduate of Harvard College, quitted Boston and established his “Portfolio” in Philadelphia in 1801, he complained as bitterly as the Pennsylvanian Cliffton against the land “where Genius sickens and where Fancy dies;” but he still thought Philadelphia more tolerable than any other city in the United States. With a little band of literary friends he passed his days in defying the indifference of his countrymen. “In the society of Mr. Dennie and his friends at Philadelphia I passed the few agreeable moments which my tour through the States afforded me,” wrote in 1804 the British poet whom all the world united in calling by the familiar name of Tom Moore. “If I did not hate as I ought the rabble to which they are opposed, I could not value as I do the spirit with which they defy it; and in learning from them what Americans _can be_, I but see with the more indignation what Americans _are_.” “Yet, yet forgive me, O you sacred few, Whom late by Delaware’s green banks I knew; Whom, known and loved, through many a social eve ’T was bliss to live with, and ’twas pain to leave. Oh, but for _such_, Columbia’s days were done! Rank without ripeness, quickened without sun, Crude at the surface, rotten at the core, Her fruits would fall before her spring were o’er.”