"The Right and Real was born from the Lighted Heat; from thence was born Night, and thence the billowy sea. From the sea was born Sa_m_vatsara, the year, he who ordereth day and night, the Lord of all that moves (winks). The Maker (dhât_ri_) shaped Sun and Moon in order; he shaped the sky, the earth, the welkin, and the highest heaven."] [Footnote 68: Rig-Veda I. 23, 22.] [Footnote 69: Or it may mean, "Wherever I may have deceived, or sworn false."] [Footnote 70: _S_atapatha Brâhma_n_a II. 2, 3, 19.] [Footnote 71: Cf. Muir, "Metrical Translations," p. 268.] [Footnote 72: _S_at. Br. III. 1, 2, 10.] [Footnote 73: Taitt. Âra_n_yaka X. 9.] [Footnote 74: Muir, "Metrical Translations," p. 218.] [Footnote 75: Holtzmann, "Das alte indische Epos," p. 21, note 83.] [Footnote 76: V. 24.] [Footnote 77: This permission to prevaricate was still further extended. The following five untruths are enumerated by various writers as not constituting mortal sins--namely, at the time of marriage, during dalliance, when life is in danger, when the loss of property is threatened, and for the sake of a Brahma_n_a. Again, another writer cites the declaration that an untruth is venial if it is spoken at the time of marriage, during dalliance, in jest, or while suffering great pain. It is evident that Venus laughed at lovers' oaths in India as well as elsewhere; and that false testimony extracted by torture was excused. Manu declared that in some cases the giver of false evidence from a pious motive would not lose his seat in heaven; indeed, that whenever the death of a man of any of the four castes would be occasioned by true evidence, falsehood was even better than truth. He gives as the primeval rule, to say what is true and what is pleasant, but not what is true and unpleasant, or what is pleasant and not true. The Vish_n_u-pura_n_a gives like counsel, adding the following aphorism: "A considerate man will always cultivate, in act, thought, and speech, that which is good for living beings, both in this world and in the next." About the same license appears to be used in this country and winked at.--A. W.] [Footnote 78: I. 3412; III. 13844; VII. 8742; VIII. 3436, 3464.] [Footnote 79: Mahâbhârata VIII. 3448.] [Footnote 80: Muir, l. c. p. 268; Mahâbhârata I. 3095.] [Footnote 81: Mahâbhârata I. 3015-16.] [Footnote 82: This explains satisfactorily how the Hindoos became liars, and of course admits that they did become so.--AM. PUBS.] [Footnote 83: _S_atapatha Brâhma_n_a, translated by Eggeling, "Sacred Books of the East," vol. xii., p. 313, § 20.] [Footnote 84: Sir Charles Trevelyan, "Christianity and Hinduism," p. 81.] [Footnote 85: IV. 65.] [Footnote 86: VIII. 85.] [Footnote 87: VIII. 90.] [Footnote 88: VIII. 92.] LECTURE III. HUMAN INTEREST OF SANSKRIT LITERATURE.