Indian slavery in colonial times within the present limits of the United StatesLauber, Almon Wheeler
History
Indian slavery in colonial times within the present limits of the United States
Lauber, Almon Wheeler
Indians of North America; Indians, Treatment of -- United States; Slavery -- United States; Thesis (Ph. D.)
The gradual passing out of existence of Indian slavery, furthermore,
was due, in no small measure, to its unsatisfactory character. The
leading colonists early made up their minds to this effect. Bienville,
in a letter to the Minister of Marine, July 28, 1706, stated that the
French colonists earnestly requested negroes to till their lands, for
whom they were willing to pay silver, since the colonies found Indian
slaves unsatisfactory. He furthermore requested permission for the
colonists to transport Indian slaves to the West Indian Islands in
exchange for negroes. The fact that the colonists were willing to trade
three Indians for two negroes is sufficient proof of the small value of
Indians as slaves.[320] Another letter to the home government, in 1717,
records the same state of affairs in the colony.[321]
Indian slaves were prone to run away, and their use by the French as
individual laborers, or their use only in small groups, if worked
together, made escape comparatively easy. A letter of Périer to the
home government, May 12, 1728, declared that the traffic in Indian
slaves and their use in the French colony was contrary to the welfare
of the country, since such slaves served but a short time before
they escaped back to their own tribes or to neighboring Indians.
Moreover, these deserting Indians persuaded the negro slaves to run
away with them.[322] A letter from the President of the Navy Board
to la Jonquière and Bigot, May 4, 1749, represented that the Indian
slaves brought up in the colony by the officers or by the inhabitants,
generally left them when they attained a certain age and again became
uncivilized; that they were the more dangerous on account of the
knowledge which they had acquired of the country, being better able
than others to make incursions therein; and that through the habit of
keeping these slaves the whites were dissuaded from becoming domestic
servants.[323]
Among the slaves the boys were not so much to be depended upon as the
girls, since they were stubborn, resented more strongly their being
held in slavery, and were more inclined to run away. Long’s Journal,
1768–1782, speaking of the western Indians, records: “They are also
full of pride and resentment, and will not hesitate to kill their
masters in order to gratify their revenge for a supposed injury. The
girls are more docile, and assimilate much sooner into the manners of
civilization.”[324] It is probable that slaves coming from the Pawnee
tribe, and held so largely by the French of Detroit and Canada, were
more satisfactory than those coming from other tribes.[325] It has been
said that “it would be difficult to find another of the wild tribes of
the continent capable of subjection to domestic slavery.”[326] But the
Pawnee, like other slaves, ran away.[327]
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