Cases of poisoning are recorded in a motor tyre factory in Upsala.[2] Nine women were affected, of whom four died. Whether these cases were due to benzene or petroleum benzine is not stated. It is remarkable that two such very different substances as benzene and benzine should be so easily confused. But that in the rubber industry cases of benzene poisoning do actually occur is proved by the following recent cases: Rubber dissolved in benzol was being laid on a spreading machine in the usual way. Of three men employed one was rendered unconscious and died.[3] In a rubber recovery process a worker was rendered unconscious after entering a benzol still, also two others who sought to rescue him. Only one was saved. Cases of aniline poisoning are reported where aniline is used for extracting rubber.[4] _Chloride of sulphur_, by reason of its properties and the readiness with which it decomposes (see Chloride of Sulphur), causes annoyance to rubber workers, but rarely poisoning. Much importance attaches to _chronic carbon bisulphide poisoning_ in the rubber industry. Many scientists have experimented as to its poisonous nature (see especially on this Part II, p. 194). Lehmann’s[5] experiments show that a proportion of 0·50-0·7 mg. of CS₂ per litre of air causes hardly any symptoms; 1·0-1·2 mg. slight effects which become more marked on continued exposure; 1·5 mg. produces severe symptoms. About 1·0 mg. per litre of air is the amount which may set up chronic effects. In vulcanising rooms this limit may easily be exceeded unless special preventive measures are adopted. Laudenheimer[6] has made several analyses of the proportion of CS₂ in workrooms. Thus 0·9-1·8 mg. per litre of air were found in a room where pouches were vulcanised; 0·5-2·4 mg. were aspirated one-half metre distant from the dipping vessels; and 0·18-0·27 mg. in the room for making ‘baby comforters.’ In analyses made some years ago proportions of 2·9-5·6 mg. were obtained. Although literature contains many references to CS₂ poisoning, too much importance ought not to be attached to them now in view of the arrangements in modern well-equipped vulcanising premises. Laudenheimer has collected particulars of 31 cases of brain, and 19 of nervous, diseases among 219 persons coming into contact with CS₂ between 1874 and 1908, all of whom had been medically attended. In the last ten years, however, the psychical symptoms were seven times less than in the preceding period. Between 1896 and 1898 the average proportion of brain disease in the vulcanising department was 1·95 per cent., and of nervous diseases 0·22 per cent., as compared with 0·92 per cent. and 0·03 per cent. in the textile. Moreover, he maintains that practically all workers who come at all into contact with CS₂ must be to some extent affected injuriously by it.