On various decorated manuscripts see W. Wattenbach, _Ueber die mit Gold auf Purpur geschriebene Evangelien-handschrift der Hamiltonschen Bibliothek_, in the _Berliner Sitz.-Ber._, 7th March 1889, xiii. 143-156. Cf. _Berl. Phil. Wochenschrift_, 1889, 33, 34. This manuscript purported to be a gift to Henry VIII. from Pope Leo X., but was rather from Wolsey. Bishop Wilfrid of Ripon (670-688) had the four Gospels written with the finest gold. Boniface requested his English friends to send him the Epistles of Paul written with gold in order therewith to impress the simple-minded Germans (Ep. 32, p. 99), a fact of which Gustav Freitag makes use in his _Ingo und Ingraban_, p. 476. (See _Die Christliche Welt_, 1888, 22.) _Cf._ also the manuscripts of Theodulf in Paris and Puy (see below, p. 125). The Cistercians forbade the use of gold and silver bindings or clasps (firmacula) and also of different colours. [Sidenote: Illustration.] Illustrations must have made their appearance in Greek manuscripts a whole century earlier than has hitherto been supposed if H. Kothe is right in his interpretation of the passage in Diogenes Laertius, ii. 3, 8 (= Clem., _Strom._, i. 78, p. 364, Potter): πρῶτος δὲ Ἀναξαγόρας καὶ βιβλίον ἐξέδωκε σὺν γραφῇ (“with a picture”: formerly read as συγγραφῆς). In addition to the works of Aristotle and the obscene poems of Philainis, illustrated manuscripts were known to exist of the works of the astronomers Eudoxus and Aratus, of the botanist Dioscorides, of the tactician Euangelos, and of the geographer Ptolemy. A description of the earliest illustrated Bibles is given by Victor Schultze in the _Daheim_, 1898, No. 28, 449 ff., with good facsimiles. On the horses in the chariot of Elijah in a Greek manuscript of the ninth century in the Vatican Library, and on the pictures of the horsemen in the codex of Joshua also contained there, see F. aus’m Weerth in the _Jahrbuch des Vereins von Altertums-Freunden im Rheinland_, Heft 78 (1884), Plate VI. Cassiodorus had a Pandectes Latinus—_i.e._ a manuscript of the Old Latin Bible of large size—which contained pictures of the Tabernacle and the Temple. There is an old work on this subject by P. Zornius entitled _Historia Bibliorum pictorum ex antiquitatibus Ebraeorum et Christianorum illustrata cum figuris_, Lipsiae, 1743, 4to; and by the same author, _Von den Handbibeln der ersten Christen_, Lips. 1738, also _Historia Bibliorum ex Ebraeorum diebus festis et jejuneis illustrata_, Lips., 1741. See also Georg Thiele, _De antiquorum libris pictis capita quattuor_, _Marburg_, 1897. Palimpsests.