10. What do we call the time when men began to study once more Roman and Greek books, and began to imitate the ways of living and thinking common in the Graeco-Roman world? Who was the first of these "new" men? Where especially did men search for Greek books? 11. What invention helped men spread far and wide this new knowledge? How do the Germans come to have "Gothic" type? Where do we get our Roman and _italic_ type? What books did the Venetian printer Aldus print? Name a famous English and a famous German printer. 12. What besides ancient books did the men of the Renaissance like to study and imitate? EXERCISES 1. Find out what titles of noblemen are used now in different European countries. In what country are men often knighted? Why are they knighted? What title shows that a man is a knight? 2. Collect pictures of armor and of castles, especially of castles still standing. Collect pictures of old town walls. 3. Collect pictures of Venice and Genoa, especially from advertising folders. 4. Find the names of several large American universities. Do the students live in "colleges" as students did in the Middle Ages? 5. Tell one or two stories from the Arabian Nights. Collect pictures of Arabian costumes and of Arabian buildings in Spain, or Africa, or Asia. 6. Collect pictures of English and European cathedrals. Find pictures of churches in America which resemble them. REVIEW _How ancient civilization was preserved_ 1. What ruined so many ancient cities? 2. Who tried to preserve the memory of what the Greeks and the Romans had done? 3. What language did the churchmen continue to use? 4. How did the missionaries help? 5. How did Alfred teach the English some of the things the Romans had known? 6. What did the Arabs teach the Christians which the Greeks had known? 7. What was studied at Bologna? How did the universities help in preserving the ancient knowledge? 8. What did Petrarch do to find lost books? What did other men of Petrarch's time do? 9. What help came from the invention of printing? 10. From what besides books did the men of the Renaissance learn about the Greeks and the Romans? [Illustration: HUSBANDMAN AND COUNTRY WOMAN OF FIFTEENTH CENTURY] CHAPTER XIII TRADERS, TRAVELERS, AND EXPLORERS IN THE LATER MIDDLE AGES THE PERILS OF TRADERS. There was a time in the Middle Ages when merchants scarcely dared to travel from one town to another for fear of being plundered by some robber lord or common thief. If they traveled by sea they might also be attacked by robbers. Some of these robbers, like the Northmen, came from afar, but others were ordinary sailors who put out from near-by ports when there seemed nothing better to do.