Is Mars habitable? A critical examination of Professor Percival Lowell's book "Mars and its canals," with an alternative explanationWallace, Alfred Russel
Science
Is Mars habitable? A critical examination of Professor Percival Lowell's book "Mars and its canals," with an alternative explanation
Wallace, Alfred Russel
Lowell, Percival, 1855-1916. Mars and its canals; Mars (Planet)
During the last quarter of a century a considerable change has come over
the opinions of astronomers as regards the probable origin of the Solar
System. The large amount of knowledge of the stellar universe, and
especially of nebulae, of comets and of meteor-streams which we now
possess, together with many other phenomena, such as the constitution of
Saturn's rings, the great number and extent of the minor planets, and
generally of the vast amount of matter in the form of meteor-rings and
meteoric dust in and around our system, have all pointed to a different
origin for the planets and their satellites than that formulated by
Laplace as the Nebular hypothesis.
It is now seen more clearly than at any earlier period, that most of the
planets possess special characteristics which distinguish them from one
another, and that such an origin as Laplace suggested--the slow cooling
and contraction of one vast sun-mist or nebula, besides presenting
inherent difficulties--many think them impossibilities--in itself does
not afford an adequate explanation of these peculiarities. Hence has
arisen what is termed the Meteoritic theory, which has been ably
advocated for many years by Sir Norman Lockyer, and with some
unimportant modifications is now becoming widely accepted. Briefly, this
theory is, that the planets have been formed by the slow aggregation of
solid particles around centres of greatest condensation; but as many of
my readers may be altogether unacquainted with it, I will here give a
very clear statement of what it is, from Professor J.W. Gregory's
presidential address to the Geological Section of the British
Association of the present year. He began by saying that these modern
views were of far more practical use to men of science than that of
Laplace, and that they give us a history of the world consistent with
the actual records of geology. He then continues:
"According to Sir Norman Lockyer's Meteoritic Hypothesis, nebulae,
comets, and many so-called stars consist of swarms of meteorites which,
though normally cold and dark, are heated by repeated collisions, and so
become luminous. They may even be volatilised into glowing meteoric
vapour; but in time this heat is dissipated, and the force of gravity
condenses a meteoritic swarm into a single globe. 'Some of the swarms
are,' says Lockyer, 'truly members of the solar system,' and some of
these travel round the sun in nearly circular orbits, like planets. They
may be regarded as infinitesimal planets, and so Chamberlain calls them
'planetismals.'
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