Langley Memoir on Mechanical Flight, Parts I and II: Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, Volume 27 Number 3, Publication 1948, 1911Langley, S. P. (Samuel Pierpont)
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Langley Memoir on Mechanical Flight, Parts I and II: Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, Volume 27 Number 3, Publication 1948, 1911
Langley, S. P. (Samuel Pierpont)
Aeronautics; Flight
The solution would be comparatively simple if the position of the
‹CP› could be accurately known beforehand, but how difficult the
solution is may be realized from a consideration of one of the facts
just stated, namely, that the position of the center of pressure in
horizontal flight shifts with the velocity of the flight itself,
much as though in marine navigation the trim of a steamboat’s hull
were to be completely altered at every change of speed. It may be
remarked here that the center of pressure, from the symmetry of the
aerodrome, necessarily lies in the vertical medial plane, but it may
be considered with reference to its position either in the plane
‹XY› (‹cp›_1) or in the plane ‹YZ› (‹cp›_2). The latter center of
pressure, as referred to in the plane ‹YZ›, is here approximately
calculated on the assumption that it lies in the intersection of this
vertical plane by a horizontal one passing through the wings half way
from root to tip.
Experiments made in Washington, later than those given in
“Aerodynamics,” show that the center of pressure, (‹cp›_1) on a plane
at slight angles of inclination, may be at least as far forward as
one-sixth the width from the front edge. From these later experiments
it appears probable also that the center of pressure moves forward
for an increased speed even when there has been no perceptible
diminution of the angle of the plane with the horizon, but these
considerations are of little value as applied to curved wings such
as are here used. Some observations of a very general nature may,
however, be made with regard to the position of the wings and tail.
In the case where there are two pairs of wings, one following the
other, the rear pair is less efficient in an indefinite degree than
the front, but the action of the wings is greatly modified by their
position with reference to the propellers, and from so many other
causes, that, as a result of a great deal of experiment, it seems
almost impossible at this time to lay down any absolute rule with
regard to the center of pressure of any pair of curved wings used in
practice.
Later experiments conducted under my direction by Mr. E. C. Huffaker,
some of which will appear in Part III, indicate that upon the curved
surfaces I employed, the center of pressure moves forward with an
increase in the (small) angle of elevation, and backward with a
decrease, so that it may lie even behind the center of the surface.
Since for some surfaces the center of pressure moves backward, and
for others forward, it would seem that there might be some other
surface for which it will be fixed. Such a surface in fact appears to
exist in the wing of the soaring bird. These experiments have been
chiefly with rigid surfaces, and though some have been made with
elastic rear surfaces, these have not been carried far enough to give
positive results.
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