[130] Graphically summed up in the classical description of the Negress: "Afra genus, tota patriam testante figura, Torta comam labroque tumens, et fusca colorem, Pectore lata, jacens mammis, compressior alvo, Cruribus exilis, spatiosa prodiga planta." [131] See H. R. Hall, papers and references in _Man_, 19, 1905. [132] T. A. Joyce, "Africa: Ethnology," _Ency. Brit._ 1910, I. 327. [133] J. P. Johnson, _The Prehistoric Period in South Africa_, 1912. [134] See H. H. Johnston, "A Survey of the Ethnography of Africa," _Journ. Roy. Anthr. Inst._ XLIII. 1913. [135] The skeleton found by Hans Reck at Oldoway in 1914 and claimed by him to be of Pleistocene age exhibits all the typical Negro features, including the filed teeth, characteristic of East African negroes at the present day, but the geological evidence is imperfect. [136] H. H. Johnston, _British Central Africa_, 1897, p. 393. [137] Zandeh is the name usually given to the groups of tribes akin to Nilotics, but probably with Fulah element, which includes the _Azandeh_ or Niam Niam, _Makaraka_, _Mangbattu_ and many others. Cf. T. A. Joyce, _loc. cit._ p. 329. [138] _British Central Africa_, p. 472. But see R. E. Dennett, _At the Back of the Black Man's Mind_, 1906, and A. G. Leonard, _The Lower Niger and its Tribes_, 1906, for African mentality. [139] For theories of Bantu migrations see H. H. Johnston, _George Grenfell and the Congo_, 1908, and "A Survey of the Ethnography of Africa," _Journ. Roy. Anthr. Soc._ XLIII. 1913, p. 391 ff. Also F. Stuhlmann, _Handwerk und Industrie in Ostafrika_, 1910, p. 138, f. 147, with map, Pl. 1. B. For the date see p. 92. [140] Even a tendency to polysynthesis occurs, as in Vei, and in Yoruba, where the small-pox god _Shakpanna_ is made up of the three elements _shan_ to plaster, _kpa_ to kill, and _enia_ a person = one who kills a person by plastering him (with pustules). [141] The Nilotic languages are to a considerable extent tonic. [142] A. B. Ellis, _The Tshi-speaking Peoples_, etc., 1887, pp. 327-8. Only one European, Herr R. Betz, long resident amongst the Dualas of the Cameruns district, has yet succeeded in mastering the drum language; he claims to understand nearly all that is drummed and is also able to drum himself. (_Athenaeum_, May 7, 1898, p. 611.) [143] Cf. H. S. Harrison, _Handbook to the cases illustrating stages in the evolution of the Domestic Arts_. Part II. Horniman Museum and Library. Forest Hill, S.E. [144] E. T. Hamy, "Les Races Negres," in _L'Anthropologie_, 1897, p. 257 sq.