In Archæan times we find no undisputed evidence of life either vegetal or animal. But beds of graphite and of limestone point to the possible existence of both. Even anthracite has been found in Archæan rocks in Norway and also in Rhode Island. Whether Dawson’s Eozoon Canadense be a rhizopod or a crystal, doctors of science disagree. Dana, while admitting nothing specific, deems it antecedently probable that algæ and later microscopic fungi related to bacteria existed then, living in water well up toward the boiling-point. Indeed, it is practically certain that invertebrate life existed, because of its already well-developed character in the next era. The like antedating is inferable for the whole record of the rocks. Relatively their history is undoubtedly fairly accurate, but absolutely it must be shifted bodily backward into the next preceding era to correspond with fact not yet unearthed. In the Lower Cambrian, when first the existence of life becomes a certainty, that life, so far as known, was wholly invertebrate and wholly marine; rhizopods (probably), sponges and corals, echinoderms, worms, brachiopods, mollusks, and crustaceans grew amid primitive seaweed and have left their houses in the shape of shells while perishing themselves. Their tracks too have thus survived. The trilobites, crustaceans somewhat resembling our horseshoe crab, were the lords of the Cambrian seas and marked the point to which organic evolution had then attained. Their aquatic character as well as their simple type is shown by their thoracic legs having each a natatory appendage. In the next era, the Lower Silurian, the fauna and flora were still marine, although of a higher order than before, and in the Trenton period, the upper part of the era, the earliest vertebrates, fishes, come upon the scene: ganoids and possibly sharks. Nothing terrestrial of this period has yet with certainty been unearthed in America. Europe would seem to have either been more advanced then or better studied since, for there the first plant higher than a seaweed has been dug up, one of a fresh-water genus betokening the land; while in keeping with this the first insect, an hemipter, also has been disinterred. Both the geography and the life of the Eopaleozoic period Dana styles “thalassic.”