Other events in Russia had repercussions in the Communist Party, USA, as they still do today. In 1943 Moscow dissolved the Comintern. One purpose was to mollify Western fear and distrust of communism. Russia, the communists claimed, wanted to be a genuine friend. In 1944, following the new line, the Communist Party, USA, under Browder’s leadership, “dissolved”; actually it merely changed its name to the Communist Political Association (CPA), a “political-educational association.” Here again the idea was to “soften” opposition to communism, make it sound a “little better” to Americans. This was the period when Russia was a military ally and the communists were trying to extract as much as they could from this country. The best tactic, of course, was to be “friendly.” The Communist Political Association did not have the harsh, bugaboo connotations of the “Communist Party,” but it was the same faithful lackey of Moscow. In 1945 the war was over. Hitler was defeated. Moscow reverted to its former hostile “line”; she denounced the Allies and claimed full credit for destroying Hitler, and Japan too. Communist Parties, including the one in America, were told to be more defiant. This meant another change for the communists in the United States. In April, 1945, an article was published in a French communist journal, _Cahiers du Communisme_, by Jacques Duclos, then Secretary of the Communist Party of France. Duclos condemned “Browderism,” the so-called policy of “collaboration” with American capitalism as shown in the CPA. This was “revisionism,” “opportunism,” and a betrayal of Marxism-Leninism. What was needed, according to Duclos, was a militant attack on “capitalism,” not cooperation with it. The Duclos article initiated a purge in the Party, the greatest since the days of Lovestone and Gitlow. Browder became the scapegoat. An emergency convention of the Communist Political Association was hastily called and by “unanimous vote,” except Browder’s, re-established the Communist Party. Browder was suspended from office and later expelled. This man from Kansas, twenty-five years a faithful servant of the Kremlin, had served his purpose. Foster became Chairman. “Browderism” was regarded by communists as a direct outgrowth of the Lovestone-Gitlow period. Lovestone had been accused of espousing “American exceptionalism.” By this the communists meant that he viewed American capitalism as something “exceptional,” not obeying the Marxist-Leninist laws, which teach that capitalism, because of internal contradictions, will decay. Lovestone believed that American capitalism was too strong to follow these Marxist rules.