In other words, the need of his fellow must be adjusted against the inconvenience to himself. Where the need of the one is great, the inconvenience to the other must at least be as great, if it is to excuse him from the just debt of his alms. His possession of superfluities does not compel him to part with them unless there is some real want which they can be expected to supply. In fine, the mediaevalists would contend that almsgiving, to be necessary, implies two conditions, both concomitant:-- (_a_) That the giver should possess superfluities. (_b_) That the receiver should be in need. Where both these suppositions are fulfilled, the duty of almsgiving becomes a matter not of charity, but of justice. BIBLIOGRAPHY Among the original works by mediaeval writers on economic subjects, which can be found in most of the greater libraries in England, we would place the following: _De Recuperatione Terre Sancte_, by Pierre du Bois. Edited by C. V. Langlois in Paris. 1891. _Commentarium in Politicos Aristotelis_, by Albertus Magnus. Vol. iv. Lyons. 1651. _Summa Theologica_, of St. Thomas Aquinas. This is being translated by the English Dominicans, published by Washborne. London. 1911. But the parts that deal with Aquinas' theories of property, &c., have not yet been published. _De Regimine Principio_, probably by Ptolomeo de Lucca. It will be found printed among the works of St. Thomas Aquinas, who wrote the first chapters. The portion here to be consulted is in book iv. _Tractatus de Civili Dominio_, by Wycliff, published in four vols. in London. 1885-1904. _Unprinted Works of John Wycliff_, edited at Oxford in three vols. 1869-1871. _Fasciculus Zizaniorum_ and the _Chronicon Angliae_, both edited in the Roll Series, help in elucidating the exact meaning of Wycliff, and his relation to the insurgents of 1381. _Monarchia_, edited by Goldast of Hanover in 1611, gives a collection of fifteenth-century writers, including Ockham, Cesena, Roselli, &c. _Summa Moralis_, by St. Antonino of Florence, contains a great deal of economic moralising. But the whole four volumes (Verona, 1740) must be searched for it. Among modern books which can be consulted with profit are:-- _Illustrations of the Mediaeval Thought_, by Reginald Lane Poole. 1884. London. _Political Theories of the Middle Ages_, by F. W. Maitland. 1900. Cambridge. _History of Mediaeval Political Thought_, by A. J. Carlyle. 1903. &c. Oxford (unfinished). _History of English Law_, by Pollock and Maitland. 1898. Cambridge. _Introduction to English Economic History_, by W. J. Ashley. 1892. London. _Economie Politique au Moyen Age_, by V. Brandts. 1895. Louvain. _La Propriete apres St. Thomas_, by Mgr. Deploige, Revue Neo-Scholastique. 1895, 1896. Louvain.