What is grammatica? The lore of interpreting poets and story-writers and the theory of writing and speaking correctly.[44] St. Augustine refers to this induction into poetry as habitual. Without some training in poetic you would not dare to attempt the function of grammarian. Asper, Cornutus, Donatus, and others without number are required, that any poet whose verse appears to seek the applause of the theater may be understood.[45] For such teaching the favorite author was Vergil; the favorite authority, the “Ars Poetica” of Horace. From this period come also the standard medieval textbooks of logic. The logic of Aristotle was mediated to the whole middle age by the translations and commentaries of Boethius. “He translated the Εἰσαγωγή of Porphyry and the whole of Aristotle’s _Organon_. He wrote a double commentary on the Εἰσαγωγή and commentaries on the _Categories_ and the _De interpretatione_ of Aristotle, and on the _Topica_ of Cicero. He also composed original treatises on the categorical and hypothetical syllogism, on Division and on Topical Differences.”[46] The medieval order of studies was: Porphyry’s Introduction, the Categories, Interpretation, Syllogisms, Topics. b. RHETORICA Quintilian was known to both Ausonius and Sidonius, and doubtless generally to the rhetors of Gaul.[47] But his work is addressed rather to teachers than to pupils. More available for the schools was Cicero’s youthful compend _De inventione_. The early and continued use of this is widely attested. Its contents are as follows: _Book I._ i-vi scope, function, and relations of rhetoric; vii its five parts; viii-xiii investigation (with _status_ and _quæstio_); xiv the parts of a speech; xv-xviii exordium; xix-xxi statement of facts; xxii-xxiii division; xxiv-xli proof (with adaptation to the persons and the case, and with the kinds of argument); xlii-li rebuttal; lii-lv conclusion (with appeal to feeling). _Book II_ (expansion of I in pleading). i-iv introductory review, the Aristotelian type and the Isocratean type, the fields of oratory, the determining of the issue (_status_); v-xvi issues of fact (_status coniecturalis_) in relation to motive, person, evidence; xvii-xx issues of terms (_status definitivus_); xxi-xxxvi issues involving more general considerations (_status generalis_); xxxvii-xxxix profit (_præmium_) in relation to advantages in themselves and to the person concerned, in general and with reference to particular opportunities; xl-li disputed written evidence; lii typical subjects of deliberative oratory; liii-lvii honor, utility, necessity; lix encomium and invective.