The various species belonging to these five great faunæ apparently succeed each other, and wherever their remains are mingled with the palæoliths, as along the rivers Somme, Marne, and Thames, or in the hearths of the shelters and caverns, they become of extreme interest both in their bearing on the chronology of man and on the development of human culture, art, and industry. They also tell the story of the sequence of climatic conditions both in the regions bordering the glaciers and in the more temperate regions remote from the ice-caps. Thus they guide the anthropologist over the difficult gaps where the geologic record is limited or undecipherable. The general succession of these great faunæ is illustrated in Fig. 14 and also in the above table. (=1=) Lamarck, 1815.1. (=2=) Schaaffhausen, 1858.1. (=3=) Darwin, C., 1909.2. (=4=) Lamarck, 1809.1. (=5=) Lyell, 1863.1, pp. 84-89. (=6=) Darwin, C., 1871.1, p. 146. (=7=) Darwin, C., 1909.1, p. 158. (=8=) Retzius, A., 1864.1, p. 27. (=9=) _Op. cit._, p. 166. (=10=) Broca, 1875.1. (=11=) Schwalbe, G., 1914.1, p. 592. (=12=) Cartailhac, 1903.1. (=13=) Déchelette, 1908.1, vol. I. (=14=) Reinach, S., 1889.1. (=15=) Schmidt, 1912.1. (=16=) Avebury, 1913.1. (=17=) Eccardus, 1750.1. (=18=) Mahudel, 1740.1. (=19=) Buckland, 1824.1. (=20=) Godwin-Austen, 1840.1. (=21=) Christol, 1820.1. (=22=) Schmerling, 1833.1. (=23=) Boucher de Perthes, 1846.1. (=24=) _Op. cit._ (=25=) Rigollot, 1854.1. (=26=) Lubbock, 1862.1. (=27=) Avebury, 1913.1, pp. 2, 3. (=28=) Lartet, 1861.1. (=29=) Lartet, 1875.1. (=30=) Breuil, 1912.7, p. 165. (=31=) de Mortillet, 1869.1. (=32=) Piette, E., 1907.1. (=33=) Rivière 1897.1. (=34=) de Sautuola, 1880.1. (=35=) Schmidt, 1912.1. (=36=) Bourgeois, 1867.1. (=37=) Schmidt, _op. cit._, p. 5. (=38=) Obermaier, 1912.1, pp. 170-174; 316-320; 332, 545. (=39=) Charpentier, 1841.1. (=40=) Agassiz, 1837.1; 1840.1; 1840.2. (=41=) Morlot, 1854.1. (=42=) Chamberlin, 1895.1; 1905.1, vol. III, chap. XIX, pp. 327-516. (=43=) Salisbury, 1905.1. (=44=) Penck, 1909.1. (=45=) Leverett, 1910.1. (=46=) Lyell, 1867.1, vol. I, pp. 293-301; 1877.1, vol. I, p. 287. (=47=) Dana, 1875.1, p. 591. (=48=) Walcott, 1893.1. (=49=) Upham, 1893.1, p. 217. (=50=) Heim, 1894.1. (=51=) Sollas, 1900.1. (=52=) Penck, 1909.1, vol. III, pp. 1153-1176. (=53=) Geikie, 1914.1, p. 302. (=54=) Reeds, 1915.1. (=55=) Nüesch, 1902.1. (=56=) Geikie, _op. cit._, pp. 111-114. (=57=) _Op. cit._, p. 108. (=58=) Huntington, 1907.1. (=59=) Leverett, 1910.1. (=60=) Obermaier, 1912.1, p. 132. (=61=) Penck, 1908.1; 1909.1. (=62=) Geikie, 1914.1, p. 312. (=63=) Wiegers, 1913.1. (=64=) Boule, 1888.1. (=65=) Schuchardt, 1913.1, p. 144. (=66=) Obermaier, 1909.2; 1912.1. (=67=) Schmidt, 1912.1, p. 266. (=68=) Penck, 1909.1, vol. III, p. 1168, Fig. 136. (=69=) Neumayr, 1890.1, vol. II, p. 621. (=70=) Martins, 1847.1, pp. 941, 942. (=71=) Osborn, 1910.1, pp. 386-427.