PLAN A. The Acropolis of Tiryns. PLAN B. The Circular Agora, with the Five Royal Sepulchres, in the Acropolis of Mycenæ. PLAN B B. Vertical Sections of the Hill of the Acropolis of Mycenæ and the Depths of the Five Tombs. PLAN C. Plan of the Acropolis of Mycenæ, with Dr. Schliemann's excavations. PLAN D. Plan of the whole City of Mycenæ. PLAN E. Façade, Plan, and Section of the Treasury near the Lions' Gate. PLAN F. Plan and Section of the Fourth Sepulchre, with the Funeral Altar above it. PLAN G. Plan and Section of the Tomb South of the Agora, in the Acropolis of Mycenæ. [Illustration: PLATE I. THE ACROPOLIS OF TIRYNS. _To face page 1._] FOOTNOTES: [26] All the objects figured in the Illustrations to this Chapter, from and after No. 239, belong to the _Third Sepulchre_. [27] No. 453 only belongs to Sepulchre V. [28] Only Nos. 539-541 are not from this Tomb. [Illustration: No. 1. Map of Argolis.] CHAPTER I. EXCAVATIONS AT TIRYNS. Situation of the City--Description by Pausanias--Cyclopean Walls: meaning of the epithet--The Quarry--The rock of Tiryns and its bordering Wall--Galleries, Gate, and Tower--Walls and Terraces of the Acropolis--Mythical traditions and History of Tiryns--Its destruction by the Argives--Its connection with the myth of Hercules--Morasses in the Plain of Argos--The Walls of Tiryns the most ancient monument in Greece--Pottery a test of antiquity--Beginning of the Excavations--Cyclopean house-walls and conduits--Objects discovered--Terra-cotta cows, and female idols with cow's-horns--Both represent the goddess HERA BOÖPIS--A bird-headed idol--A bronze figure, the only piece of metal at Tiryns, except lead--No stone implements found--Pottery--Hellenic remains outside the citadel, which was the primitive city--Proofs of different periods of habitation--The later city of Tiryns--The archaic pottery of Tiryns like that of Mycenæ--Its forms and decoration denote higher civilisation than the rude walls would lead us to expect--Older pottery on the virgin soil, but no cows or idols--Probable date of the second nation at Tiryns, about 1000 to 800 B.C.; of the Cyclopean walls, about 1800 to 1600 B.C.--No resemblance to any of the pottery in the strata of Hissarlik, except the goblets--A human skeleton found--Whorls--Estimate of soil to be moved at Tiryns--Greater importance of MYCENÆ. Tiryns, August 6, 1876. * * * * *