The construction of this table requires some explanation on account of
its being made to show complete results from incomplete data. There has
been no difficulty with the sun, the major planets, and the satellites
of the earth and Jupiter, but for the minor planets, the satellites of
the three outer planets, and the rings of Saturn, we have been obliged
to exercise our judgment as best we could.
There being almost no data whatever of the dimensions and densities of
the minor planets, to be found, we have been driven in order to assign
some mass to them, to imagine the existence of one planet to represent
the whole of them (in fact Olbers's planet before it exploded), which
we have supposed to be placed at the mean distance of 260,300,000 miles
from the centre of the sun; and we have given to it a mass equal to
one-fourth of the mass of the earth, that being, in the opinion of some
astronomers, the greatest mass which the whole of them put together
could have. This assumption we shall explain more fully at a more
suitable time.
In the case of Saturn the diameters of two of the satellites are
wanting which we have assumed to be the same as those of the smallest
of those nearest to them, and thus have been able to compute the
volumes of the whole of them; but we have not been able to find any
statement anywhere of their densities, and to get over this difficulty
we have reasoned in the following manner.
The density of the moon is very little over two-thirds of that of the
earth, while that of the satellites of Jupiter varies from a little
more than the same to a little more than twice as much as the density
of their primary. Why this difference? To account for it we appeal to
the very general opinion of astronomers, that the four inner planets
are in a more advanced stage of their development, or existence, than
the four outer ones. In this way it is easy to conceive that the earth
has arrived at the stage of being more dense than its satellite; while
in the case of Jupiter, his satellites being of so very much less
volume than their primary, have already arrived at a higher degree of
development. Carrying this motion forward to Saturn, we have supposed
that from his being considerably less dense than any other of the
outer planets--quite possibly from having been formed out of material
comparatively (perhaps not actually) less dense than the others--his
satellites may not have condensed to a greater degree than his own
mass, and we have, therefore assumed their density, that is the density
of the volume of the whole of them, to be the same as that of their
primary.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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