Now, he had nothing of this when he was born. He brought no knowledge of any kind into the world with him. He had to be _taught_ to read, to speak, to be honest, to be courteous; and the teaching was part of his environment. And suppose none had cared to teach him good. Suppose, instead, he had been taught to lie and to steal, to hate and to fight, to gamble and to swear! What manner of man would he have been? He would have been that which his environment had made him. And would he have been to blame? Would it have been his fault that he was born amongst thieves? Would it have been his fault that he had never heard good counsel, but had been drilled and trained to evil? But the objector may say that as he got older and knew better he could mend his ways. And it is really necessary, strange as it may seem, to point out that he never _could_ "know better," unless some person _taught_ him better. And the teaching him to "know better" would be a change in his environment: it would be a part of his environment, for which he himself would deserve no credit. The point is that, since he is born destitute of knowledge, he never could know good unless _taught_ good by some other person. And that this other person would be outside himself, and part of his environment. Now, how could the ignorant child be blamed if some power outside himself teaches him evil, or how can he be praised if some power outside himself teaches him good? But he would have a conscience? He would be born with the rudiments of a conscience. But what his conscience should become, what things it would hold as wrong, would depend wholly upon the teaching he got from those who formed part of his environment. In a cannibal environment he would have a cannibal conscience; in a Catholic environment a Catholic conscience; in a piratical environment a pirate's conscience. But of that more in its due place. Let us now examine some of the effects of environment. MORALS AND DISEASE The brain is the mind. When the brain is diseased the mind is diseased. When the brain is sick the mind is sick. But the brain is part of the body. We see, hear, smell, feel, and taste with the brain. The nerves of the toes and fingers are connected with the brain; they are like twigs on a tree, of which the brain is the root. The same blood which circulates through the heart and limbs circulates through the brain. It is only a figure of speech to speak of the mind and the body as distinct from each other. The mind and the body are one. A wound in any part of the body--a burn, a stab, a lash--is felt in the brain. When the body suffers from illness or fatigue, the brain suffers also. When a limb is paralysed, the real paralysis is in a part of the brain. When the brain is paralysed the man can neither move nor speak, nor think nor feel. When the heart is weak the brain does not get enough blood, and the mind is languid, or syncope sets in ana the man dies.