After the death of _Charles_ the great, his son and successor _Ludovicus Pius_, at the request of the Pope, [13] confirmed the donations of his grandfather and father to the see of _Rome_. And in the confirmation he names first _Rome_ with its Duchy extending into _Tuscany_ and _Campania_; then the Exarchate of _Ravenna_, with _Pentapolis_; and in the third place, the territories taken from the _Lombards_. These are his three conquests, and he was to hold them of the Emperor for the use of the Church _sub integritate_, entirely, without the Emperor's medling therewith, or with the jurisdiction or power of the Pope therein, unless called thereto in certain cases. This ratification the Emperor _Ludovicus_ made under an oath: and as the King of the _Ostrogoths_, for acknowledging that he held his kingdom of _Italy_ of the _Greek_ Emperor, stamped the effigies of the Emperor on one side of his coins and his own on the reverse; so the Pope made the like acknowledgment to the _Western_ Emperor. For the Pope began now to coin money, and the coins of _Rome_ are henceforward found with the heads of the Emperors, _Charles_, _Ludovicus Pius_, _Lotharius_, and their successors, on the one side, and the Pope's inscription on the reverse, for many years. Notes to Chap. VII. [1] Chap. vii. 8. [2] Ver. 20, 21. [3] Ver. 24. [4] Ver. 25. [5] Sigonius de Regno Italiae, ad Ann. 726. [6] Sigonius ib. ad Ann. 726, 752. [7] Sigon. ib. Ann. 750. [8] Sigon. ib. Ann. 753, 754, 755. [9] Sigon. ib. Ann. 773. [10] Sigon. de Regno Ital. ad Ann. 796. [11] Vide Anastasium. [12] Sigon. de Regno Ital. [13] Confirmationem recitat Sigonius, lib. 4. de Regno Italiae, ad An. 817. * * * * * CHAP. VIII. _Of the power of the eleventh horn of _Daniel_'s fourth Beast, to change times and laws_.