The basis of Swedenborg’s teaching which, of course, under the
circumstances he did not claim in any way as original, was that the
Bible must be accepted absolutely as a divinely inspired book, but must
be taken in an allegorical sense. Thus where historical events are
recorded they are not recorded for the sake of history, for the object
of the Scriptures is to treat not of the kingdoms of the earth, but of
the Kingdom of God. In other parts of the Bible, as in Genesis, there is
no truth in the story from the historical point of view. The record is
merely an allegory of the soul.
His doctrine of Correspondences was merely the recognition of this
allegorical relationship of the spiritual and material. The universe,
according to Swedenborg, is symbolical throughout, All material things
are derived from their spiritual archetypes, and are representations of
these. The bodily form represents the spiritual character, for the
spirit forms the body in its own likeness. A man’s acts are thus the
outcome of his inward nature, and there is consequently a similar
correspondence between them and the inward man. The basis of these ideas
is, of course, the ancient occult teaching that the universe is the
macrocosm, and man the microcosm. Thus Swedenborg tells us that as there
is a material sun, moon, and stars, so each of these heavenly bodies has
its mental and spiritual counterpart.
Swedenborg’s doctrine of Degrees appears to follow from his doctrine of
Correspondences. The three degrees of the human mind correspond to the
three kingdoms of Nature: animal, vegetable, and mineral, corresponding
to spirit, soul, and body. “Degrees,” Swedenborg tells us, “are of two
kinds, discrete and continuous.” “All things, from least to greatest, in
both the spiritual and natural worlds, co-exist at once from discrete
and continuous degrees. In respect of discrete degrees there can be no
intercourse between either by continuity.” It follows, therefore, with
regard to the degrees of the human mind, the celestial, spiritual, and
the natural, that they cannot communicate under normal conditions one
with another. Thus, too, men on earth can have no sensible communication
with the spiritual world or see things of that world without a special
opening of the spiritual sight. Elsewhere Swedenborg tells us “to the
intent that anything may be perfect it must be distinguished into three
degrees. The ground and reason of this is because there must be end,
cause, and effect.” Another doctrine of Swedenborg’s was that of
regeneration. In order to be partaker of the higher life, man, he held,
must be born again, but this regeneration was not a special occurrence
of any particular date, but a continuous process. One of the orthodox
doctrines which Swedenborg attacked was that of the Trinity. He denied
that Jesus Christ was merely the Second Person of a Divine Trinity. He
cites St Paul’s statement that “in Him dwelleth all the fullness of the
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